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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-exhaustive extraction techniques (NEETs) for the prediction of naphthalene mineralisation in soil (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 241 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Non-exhaustive extraction techniques (NEETs) have been shown to measure the putatively bioavailable fraction of hydrophobic compounds in soil. To date, these studies have only considered bioavailability in a single soil type. In this study, naphthalene was amended into five different soil types and mineralisation, bacterial biosensor response and the number of indigenous microbial naphthalene degraders were determined. Two NEETs were used to extract the naphthalene from soil; hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and XAD-4. The HPCD extractable fraction correlated closely (R2= 0.917) with the portion that was mineralised, but the XAD-4 extract did not (R2= 0.044). HPCD may be ideal for the rapid assessment of the fraction of a hydrophobic organic contaminant that is available for biodegradation. A NEET that complements environmental microbial analysis will enhance our understanding of soil pollution interactions and equip us better in designing risk assessment models that integrate biological parameters. This application, although refined for soil samples, should be transferable to other environmental matrices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.023
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of phenanthrene catabolism in soil amended with transformer oil (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 228 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants frequently associated with light non-aqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs) in soil. Microbial degradation comprises a major loss process for PAHs in the environment. Various laboratory studies, using known degraders, have shown reduced or enhanced mineralisation of PAHs when dissolved in different LNAPLs. Effects due to the presence of LNAPLs on indigenous micro-organisms, however, are not fully understood. A pristine pasture soil was spiked with [14C]phenanthrene and transformer oil to 0, 0.01 and 0.1%, and incubated for 180 days. The catabolic potential of the soil towards phenanthrene was assessed periodically during ageing. The extent of the lag phase (prior to 〉5% mineralisation), maximum rates and overall extents of mineralisation observed during the course of a 14-day bioassay appeared to be dependent upon phenanthrene concentration, the presence of transformer oil, and soil–contaminant contact time. Putatively, transformer oil enhanced acclimation and facilitated the development of measurable catabolic activity towards phenanthrene in a previously uncontaminated pasture soil. Exact mechanisms for the observed enhancement, longer-term fate/degradation of the oil and residual phenanthrene, and effects of the presence of the oil on the indigenous microbes over extended time frames warrant further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00751-1
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of soil:water ratios on the mineralisation of phenanthrene:LNAPL mixtures in soil (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 220 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Contamination of soil by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is frequently associated with non-aqueous-phase liquids. Measurement of the catabolic potential of a soil or determination of the biodegradable fraction of a contaminant can be done using a slurried soil respirometric system. This work assessed the impact of increasing the concentration of transformer oil and soil:water ratio on the microbial catabolism of [14C]phenanthrene to 14CO2 by a phenanthrene-degrading inoculum. Slurrying (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:5 soil:water ratios) consistently resulted in statistically higher rates and extents of mineralisation than the non-slurried system (2:1 soil:water ratio; P〈0.01). The maximum extents of mineralisation observed occurred in the 1:2–1:5 soil:water ratio microcosms irrespective of transformer oil concentration. Transformer oil concentrations investigated displayed no statistically significant effect on total mineralisation (P〉0.05). Soil slurries 1:2 or greater, but less than 1:5 (soil:water), are recommended for bioassay determinations of total contaminant bioavailability due to greater overall mineralisation and improved reproducibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00056-9
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid sheep dip formulations on protozoan survival and bacterial survival and growth (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 47 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sheep dipping with organophosphate or synthetic pyrethroid-based formulations is still widely used by farmers in the UK to control ectoparasites and results in 175–220 million litres of spent sheep dip produced each year. Spent sheep dip may be diluted in animal slurry or water prior to disposal onto land. However, the effects of this practice on the microbial ecology of animal slurries, soil and aquatic systems are still relatively unknown. This paper investigated the effect of Bayticol (synthetic pyrethroid sheep dip) and Ectomort (organophosphate sheep dip) concentrations on (i) the survival of 15 protozoan species, (ii) the recovery of the four species of amoebae, and (iii) bacterial survival and growth. This investigation found that overall Bayticol was less toxic to protozoa than Ectomort, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.03% (v/v) and 0.005 to 0.06% (v/v), respectively. Amoebic cysts remained viable and emerged from dormancy, thereby pointing to the potential for recovery of protozoan communities in contaminated environments. The presence of sheep dips did not affect bacterial survival and growth on agar; however, the five test bacteria were not able to utilise the sheep dips as sole carbon sources. These findings have implications for the contamination of animal slurries, soil and aquatic systems, in that there is the potential for significant increases in microbial numbers, containing putative pathogens due to the diminution of bacteriophagous protozoan populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00253-8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of electrical cable insulating oil on the mineralisation of [1-14C]glucose in soil (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 182 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Subsurface high voltage electric cables are commonly insulated using dodecylbenzene in combination with mineral oil. This work assessed the impact of increasing concentrations of cable insulating oil (0–10% dry weight) on soil microbial respiration as determined by mineralisation of [1-14C]glucose (11 μg C g−1 soil). Acute impact was assessed from 0 days to 21 days, and chronic impact was assessed after 300 days. This study found that cable insulating oil increased respiratory activity of soil microflora. The extent of impact was found to depend on both oil concentration and the length of oil–soil contact time. Following acute exposure (21-days oil–soil contact time), it was found that oil concentrations up to 1% promoted a significant (P〈0.05) increase in the extent of [1-14C]glucose mineralisation to 14CO2 relative to the control. In contrast, higher concentrations of cable insulating oil (5% and 10%) promoted no significant (P〉0.05) increase in the extent of [1-14C]glucose mineralisation to 14CO2 relative to the control. Following chronic exposure (300-days oil–soil contact time), the extent of mineralisation was greater at all oil concentrations applied relative to the control. For oil concentrations up to and including 1%, there was a decrease in the extent of elevation in mineralisation relative to the values after 21-days exposure. At higher oil concentrations, namely 5% and 10%, the extent of elevation in mineralisation was comparable with that after 21-days oil–soil contact time. We suggest that the increase in mineralisation of glucose indicates that cable insulating oil is a readily available carbon source to the carbon-limited soil microflora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08923.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feasibility of using prokaryote biosensors to assess acute toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 169 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aim of this study was to assess the acute toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using lux-marked bacterial biosensors. Standard solutions of phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were produced using 50 mM hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin solution which contained each respective polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon at 6.25 times the aqueous solubility limit of the compound. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon solutions were incubated with each of the biosensors for 280 min and the bioluminescence monitored every 20 min. Over the incubation time period, there was no significant decrease in bioluminescence in any of the biosensors tested with the exception of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA1 luxAB. In this series of incubations, there was a dramatic increase in bioluminescence in the presence of phenanthrene (2.5 times) and benzo[a]pyrene (3 times) above that of the background control (biosensor without polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) after 20 min. Over the next 3 h, bioluminescence decreased to that of the control. An ATP assay was carried out on the biosensors to assess if uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation mechanisms in the respiratory chain of the cells had occurred. However, it was found that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons had no effect on the organisms indicating that there was no uncoupling. Additionally, mineralisation studies using 14C-labelled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons showed that the biosensors could not mineralise the compounds. This study has shown that the three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested are not acutely toxic to the prokaryotic biosensors tested, although acute toxicity has been shown in other bioassays. These results question the rationale for using prokaryote biosensors to assess the toxicity of hydrophobic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13322.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the mineralization of [U-14C]benzene in spent mushroom substrate (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 164 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The degradation of benzene in pasteurized spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was assessed. Following a 3 month enrichment in the presence of a variety of BTEX compounds, the extent of [U-14C]benzene mineralization in the pasteurized SMS increased with increasing incubation temperature (18°C〈37°C〈50°C). The concentration as well as the chemical composition used to enrich the compost's degradative activity was also shown to be involved in determining the extent of benzene mineralization. SMS induced on a 12.5 mM BTEX mixture mineralized more benzene than composts induced using 500 μM benzene, 500 μM o-xylene, or 2.5 mM BTEX mixture. In the absence of a pre-enrichment period, benzene mineralization was minimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13104.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of phenol and its methylated homologues by Ochromonas danica (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 152 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Phenols are one of the most common groups of organic environmental pollutants. In this study, the catabolic versatility of the eukaryotic alga Ochromonas danica (CCAP 933/2B) to degrade mixtures of, rather than individual, phenols was examined. O. danica, after growth on phenol, was able to metabolise 2,5-, 2,6- and 3,5-xylenols only in the presence of phenol in the incubation medium. Once the phenol had been exhausted (2–3 h) from a phenolic mixture in the incubation media, there was a significant reduction in the rates of xylenol isomer removal and none of these xylenols (250 μM) was completely utilised in 6 h. 3,4-Xylenol, however, was completely removed from the growth medium in 3 h, even though all the phenol had disappeared in 2 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10419.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple 14C-respirometric method for assessing microbial catabolic potential and contaminant bioavailability (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 196 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper describes the validation and application of a simple flask-based 14C-respirometer system designed to assess mineralisation of 14C-labelled substrates under defined conditions. Validation of this respirometer system indicated stoichiometric CO2 trapping up to a maximum of 400 μmol of CO2 (in a single trap). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria were used to measure growth-linked biodegradation of [14C]naphthalene to 14CO2. A 14C activity balance of 101.7±8.9% (n=6), after 74 h incubation time and 10 respirometer-opening events, indicated the suitability of the system for monitoring substrate mineralisation. This respirometric apparatus was then successfully applied to assess: (i) the PAH catabolism of microbes in a field contaminated soil, where naphthalene and phenanthrene were rapidly mineralised and (ii) soil-associated organic contaminant bioavailability, where increased soil–phenanthrene contact time resulted in a reduction in phenanthrene mineralisation in the soil. The described respirometer system differs from existing respirometer systems in that the CO2 trap can be removed and replaced quickly and easily. The system is efficient, reproducible, adaptable to many situations, easy to construct and simple to use, it therefore affords advantages over existing systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10555.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of aromatic compounds by microalgae (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 170 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The microbial degradation of aromatic pollutants has been well characterized over a period of more than 30 years. The microbes of most interest have been bacteria and fungi. Only relatively recently has the question of how algae figure in the catabolism of these compounds attracted a degree of interest. The aim of this review is to highlight the biodegradative capabilities of microalgae on aromatic compounds, ranging from simple monocyclic to more complex polycyclic pollutants. This paper will briefly encompass studies which have investigated the growth on and the oxidation of these compounds by algae, as well as a more detailed characterization of the catabolic sequences involved in the transformation of these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13386.x
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