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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new mechanism for chloramphenicol, florfenicol and clindamycin resistance: methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA at A2503 (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gene product of cfr from Staphylococcus sciuri confers resistance to chloramphenicol, florfenicol and clindamycin in Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. Cfr is not similar to any other known chloramphenicol resistance determinant. Comparative investigation of E. coli with and without a plasmid-encoded Cfr showed a decreased drug binding to ribosomes in the presence of Cfr. As chloramphenicol/florfenicol and clindamycin have partly overlapping drug binding sites on the ribosome, the most likely explanation is that Cfr modifies the RNA in the drug binding site. This hypothesis was supported by drug footprinting data that showed both a decreased drug binding and an enhanced reverse transcriptase stop at position 2504, which corresponds to a modification at position A2503 at the drug binding site. A 45 n long RNA fragment containing the appropriate region was isolated and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in combination with tandem mass spectrometry showed an additional methylation at position A2503. Moreover, reduced methylation was detected at nucleotide C2498. The results show that Cfr is an RNA methyltransferase that targets nucleotide A2503 and inhibits ribose methylation at nucleotide C2498, thereby causing resistance to chloramphenicol, florfenicol and clindamycin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04754.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity analysis and optimization for non-linear structural response (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 18 (2001), S. 610-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The present contribution deals with the sensitivity analysis and optimization of structures for path-dependent structural response. Geometrically as well as materially non-linear behavior with hardening and softening is taken into account. Prandtl-Reuss-plasticity is adopted so that not only the state variables but also their sensitivities are path-dependent. Because of this the variational direct approach is preferred for the sensitivity analysis. For accuracy reasons the sensitivity analysis has to be consistent with the analysis method evaluating the structural response. The proposed sensitivity analysis as well as its application in structural optimization is demonstrated by several examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400110387181
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of naturally occurring ermC-encoding plasmids in staphylococci isolated from animals with and without previous contact with macrolide/lincosamide antibiotics (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A total of 16 epidemiologically unrelated macrolide-resistant staphylococcal isolates of various animal origins were investigated for the molecular basis of macrolide resistance with respect to previous contact of their host animals with macrolides and lincosamides. All isolates carried ermC-encoding plasmids of 2.3–4.0 kbp. The eight plasmids of staphylococci from animals which had not received macrolides or lincosamides showed inducible ermC gene expression and did not exhibit alterations in the ermC regulatory region. The remaining eight plasmids expressed the ermC gene constitutively. Six of these plasmids were from staphylococci from animals which had received tylosin or spiramycin as feed additives or lincomycin for therapeutic purposes. All constitutively expressed ermC genes revealed either sequence deletions or sequence duplications in their ermC regulatory region, as detected by a PCR assay and by sequence analysis. These sequence deletions and duplications found in naturally occurring plasmids corresponded closely to the mutations seen in the ermC-encoding plasmids after growth of an inducibly resistant strain in the presence of non-inducing macrolides or lincosamides under in vitro conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01022.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A chloramphenicol-streptomycin-resistance plasmid from a clinical strain of Staphylococcus sciuri and its structural relationships to other staphylococcal resistance plasmids (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 82 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: A 5.1-kb plasmid, designated pSCS12, isolated from a naturally occurring Staphylococcus sciuri conferred resistance to chloramphenicol (CmR) and streptomycin (SmR). Restriction endonuclease analyses of pSCS12 revealed partial structural homologies to the CmR-plasmids pC221 from S. aureus and pSCS1 from S. intermedius, to the SmR-plasmids pSAI-1 from S. hyicus and pS194 from S. aureus, as well as to the CmR/SmR plasmid pSK68 from S. aureus. Southern-blot hybridization with specific CmR- and SmR-gene probes confirmed these similarities and allowed the mapping of the CmR- and SmR-determinants in the S. sciuri plasmid pSCS12. These observations lead to the suggestion that CmR/SmR-plasmids, such as pSCS12, may have evolved from CmR- and SmR-plasmids by interplasmidic recombination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04902.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence and linkage of genes coding for resistance to sulfonamides, streptomycin and chloramphenicol in bacteria of the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 205 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Twenty-three isolates of the two genera Pasteurella (P.) and Mannheimia (M.) were analysed for the presence of genes specifying resistance to sulfonamides, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. Specific PCR assays for the detection of the genes sulII, strA and catAIII, but also for the confirmation of their physical linkage were developed. A resistance gene cluster consisting of all three genes and characterised by a PCR amplicon of 2.2 kb was detected on four different types of plasmids and also in the chromosomal DNA of seven isolates. Physically linked sulII and strA genes were detected on three different types of plasmids and in the chromosomal DNA of three isolates. Sequence analysis of the different PCR amplicons revealed that these genes were present in either the orientation sulII-strA separated by differently sized spacer sequences, or strA-sulII. A truncated strA gene preceding a sulII gene was also detected in two cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10962.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmid-encoded tetracycline resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars choleraesuis and typhimurium: identification of complete and truncated Tn1721 elements (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 176 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During routine screening of Salmonella enterica subsp., S. enterica isolates of animal origin for plasmid-encoded tetracycline resistance, two tetracycline resistance plasmids, the 50 kbp plasmid pGFT3 of Salmonella choleraesuis and the 9.5 kbp plasmid pGFT4 of Salmonella typhimurium var. Copenhagen DT002, were detected. The respective tetracycline resistance genes (tet) were identified by hybridization and PCR analysis to belong to hybridization class A. Conjugation experiments identified plasmid pGFT3 as a conjugative plasmid. Molecular analysis of the tet(A) gene area and the flanking regions identified a complete Tn1721-like transposon on plasmid pGFT3 and a truncated Tn1721-like element on plasmid pGFT4. The complete Tn1721-like element was integrated into a transposase reading frame of a truncated Tn3 transposon also located on plasmid pGFT3. The truncated Tn1721-like element of plasmid pGFT4 lacked the entire transposase part. This Tn1721-relic was integrated in an unknown reading frame which on amino acid level showed homology to the Rop protein of Escherichia coli. A model for the deletion of the transposase part was developed on the basis of the sequences present at the termini of the truncated Tn1721-like element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13648.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular basis of bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol and florfenicol (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 28 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chloramphenicol (Cm) and its fluorinated derivative florfenicol (Ff) represent highly potent inhibitors of bacterial protein biosynthesis. As a consequence of the use of Cm in human and veterinary medicine, bacterial pathogens of various species and genera have developed and/or acquired Cm resistance. Ff is solely used in veterinary medicine and has been introduced into clinical use in the mid-1990s. Of the Cm resistance genes known to date, only a small number also mediates resistance to Ff. In this review, we present an overview of the different mechanisms responsible for resistance to Cm and Ff with particular focus on the two different types of chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CATs), specific exporters and multidrug transporters. Phylogenetic trees of the different CAT proteins and exporter proteins were constructed on the basis of a multisequence alignment. Moreover, information is provided on the mobile genetic elements carrying Cm or Cm/Ff resistance genes to provide a basis for the understanding of the distribution and the spread of Cm resistance – even in the absence of a selective pressure imposed by the use of Cm or Ff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsre.2004.04.001
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a truncated, but functionally active tet(H) tetracycline resistance gene in Pasteurella aerogenes and Pasteurella multocida (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 188 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Molecular analysis of Pasteurella isolates of animal origin for plasmid-encoded tetracycline resistance genes identified a common tet(H)-carrying plasmid of 5.5 kbp in a single isolate of Pasteurella aerogenes and six isolates of Pasteurella multocida. This plasmid carried a truncated Tn5706 element in which one of the IS elements, IS1596, was lost completely and of the other, IS1597, only a relic of 84 bp was left. Sequencing of the resistance gene region and the flanking areas revealed the presence of a deletion in the 3′ end of the tet(H) gene which shortened the tet(H) reading frame by 24 bp. The amino acid sequence of the respective TetH protein comprised only 392 amino acids. Despite this deletion, the tet(H) gene conferred high level tetracycline resistance not only to the original Pasteurella isolates but also to the respective Escherichia coli JM107 and C600 transformants as confirmed by MIC determination. The deletion was probably the result from recombinational events. Two possible recombination sites involved in the deletion of tet(H) and that of IS1597 were identified. Macrorestriction analysis of the Pasteurella isolates carrying plasmid pPAT1 confirmed horizontal and vertical transfer of this plasmid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09192.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT009 isolates: differentiation of the live vaccine strain Zoosaloral from field isolates (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 167 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A total of 25 epidemiologically unrelated Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (S.) serovar Typhimurium DT009 isolates from various human and animal sources, the original S. Typhimurium DT009 Zoosaloral live vaccine strain and two Zoosaloral strains reisolated from vaccinated chickens were investigated by various molecular typing methods (I) to determine the most suitable method or combination of methods for the differentiation of DT009 field isolates and (II) to investigate which molecular methods are suitable to differentiate the Zoosaloral live vaccine strain from field isolates of the same phage type. Based on the results of plasmid profile analysis, IS200 typing and macrorestriction analysis with XbaI, SpeI and BlnI, the 28 S. Typhimurium DT009 isolates were assigned to 16 different genomic groups, one of which was exclusively represented by the original and the reisolated Zoosaloral strains. IS200 typing was the most discriminatory single method for the differentiation of the DT009 isolates followed by plasmid profile analysis and BlnI-macrorestriction analysis. The Zoosaloral vaccine strain differed from the DT009 field isolates by its unique HindIII-fragment pattern of the virulence plasmid and by its unique SpeI-macrorestriction pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13237.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subtracted restriction fingerprinting – a new typing technique using magnetic capture of tagged restriction fragments (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 41 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Molecular typing of bacterial pathogens is an important issue in the epidemiological analysis of emerging infections in humans and animals. Numerous methods have been developed for and applied to a wide variety of bacteria of medical, veterinary and zoonotic importance. The present minireview provides a description of a new typing approach designated subtracted restriction fingerprinting (SRF), its use for typing of Salmonella isolates and a comparison with the most widely used typing techniques for these bacteria. SRF is based on double restriction endonuclease digestion of whole cell DNA, followed by a fill-in reaction with specifically tagged nucleotides and subtractive capture of selected restriction fragments. This results in a reduced number of fragments optimal for separation in standard agarose gels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2004.01.009
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