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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating soil resilience to compaction by measuring changes in surface and subsurface levels (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 17 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In view of the increasing wheel loads of agricultural vehicles, the question arises as to whether soil can recover from the mechanical impact of traffic. The damage to soil quality depends also on the soils resilience. This paper presents a new approach to monitoring vertical soil movement in situ. We assessed the effects of trafficking the soil with excavators and sugarbeet harvesters by monitoring surface and subsurface levels. The caterpillar loads of the crawlers varied from 13 to 19 t, the wheel loads of the sugarbeet harvesters from 6 to 11 t. Classical geodetic levelling was used to record soil surface movement and a hydrostatic settlement meter measured deformation at three depths within the soil profile. The results of three field tests prove the importance of wheel load and soil moisture for soil compaction. Trafficking very dry soil with an excavator did not cause significant plastic deformation in 30 cm depth. Conversely, trafficking wet soil with a sugarbeet harvester led to soil sinkage of 1 to 2 cm even at 60 cm depth. Increased wheel load in subsequent passes led to greater subsidence than during the first pass. Settlement decreased from the soil surface to deeper layers, but it remained throughout the monitoring period of up to 12 days. No soil recovery from plastic deformation was recorded within this time. The measuring system has the potential for long-term monitoring of the mechanical recovery of the soil. Additionally, it can contribute to the validation of mechanical impact models, which are based on soil stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00032.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1351-0754.2004.00591h.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a two-dimensional model to simulate flow and transport in a macroporous agricultural soil with tile drains (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: It is essential that important field processes are taken into account to model water flow and chemical transport accurately in agricultural fields. Recent field studies indicate that transport through macropores can play a major role in the export of solutes and particulates from drained agricultural land into surface water. Non-ideal drain behaviour may further modify the flow and transport. We extended an existing two-dimensional flow and transport model for variably saturated soils (SWMS_2D) by adding a macropore domain and an additional Hooghoudt drain boundary condition. The Hooghoudt boundary condition accounts for an entrance head needed to initiate flow into the drains. This paper presents the application of the new model (M-2D) to an agricultural field in Switzerland. To understand interactions between macropore flow and drains better we simulated water flow and bromide transport for four different field scenarios. We considered both collector drains only with an ideal drain boundary condition (with and without macropores) and collectors and laterals with a Hooghoudt boundary condition (also with and without macropores). For each scenario, inverse modelling was used to identify model parameters using 150 days of data on observed cumulative discharge, water table depth, and tracer concentration. The models were subsequently tested against a 390-day validation data set. We found that the two additional components (macropore flow, drain entrance head) of the M-2D model were essential to describe adequately the flow regime and the tracer transport data in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00389.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological Risk Evaluation of Polluted Soils (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00418-6.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single- and dual-porosity modelling of multiple tracer transport through soil columns: effects of initial moisture and mode of application (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We investigated the effect of initial moisture contents and mode of application on the displacement of multiple conservative tracers through undisturbed columns of a Humic Gleysol. Bromide was applied at the soil surface and chloride was injected at 5 cm depth. The columns were irrigated with deuterium-enriched water. A dual-porosity model and two single-porosity models were calibrated separately to Br– and Cl– elution curves in the two columns.Elution curves were almost identical for Br– and Cl– under initially wet conditions, whereas the displacement of Br– was faster than that of Cl– in the initially dry column, indicating rapid transport with preferential flow. Only the dual-porosity model described the long-tailing breakthrough of Cl– in the initially dry column adequately. The parameter values giving acceptable fits for ‘Br dry’ were not compatible with the description of the three other elution curves, which could be adequately modelled with a single set of parameter values.The estimated set of common parameters was validated by comparing with the elution curves of deuterium water, nitrate and sulphate, as well as with resident tracer concentrations at four depths. The results showed that solutes can be displaced much faster when applied at the surface of initially dry soil than when applied to wet soil or when resident in the soil matrix. The simulation results suggest that solute transport under initially dry conditions was governed by preferential flow of infiltration water through macropores by-passing the matrix due to shrinkage cracks and water repellence of matrix surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00355.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β-glucosidase activity in the presence of copper and goethite (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We investigated the effect of goethite and copper on almond β-glucosidase activity. The activity of β-glucosidase was found to be inhibited at dissolved copper concentrations exceeding 0.2 mm. Copper was most influential in the pH range 5–5.5, at which the enzyme activity was reduced by 50% or more at total copper concentrations of 0.2 mm compared with copper-free assays. At pH 4, the presence of 0.2 mm copper reduced the activity by 15% at most. Copper caused a shift of the pH optimum towards lower pH. Goethite did not influence β-glucosidase activity significantly, although up to 95% of the enzyme was adsorbed on its surface. The adsorption seemed to be caused principally by non-electrostatic forces which were too weak to affect the structure of the enzyme. Goethite reduced the inhibitory effect of copper because of the strong affinity of copper for goethite, as observed in batch adsorption experiments. The sorption of the enzyme on goethite was not competitive with copper at concentrations less than 0.2 mm; at larger concentrations, however, the presence of the enzyme reduced copper adsorption. The influence of copper on enzyme activity as well as the influence of copper in combination with goethite could be described with a model combining Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics with a simple conditionally first-order reaction law for the binding of copper by the enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00135.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydraulic and transport properties of the plant–soil system estimated by inverse modelling (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Modelling soil water flow and solute transport under field conditions requires the knowledge of many parameters that are difficult to determine directly. Values determined on small isolated samples in the laboratory are often not representative of field situations. We investigated the applicability of inverse modelling to a soil–plant system in lysimeter experiments. We also tested whether parameters obtained from one experiment could be applied to another with the same soil. In a lysimeter planted with young trees, we first did a multistep drainage experiment and then a long-term bromide tracer experiment with atmospheric boundary conditions at the soil surface. To estimate the unsaturated hydraulic properties, we linked the inverse program SUFI (Sequential Uncertainty FItting) to the flow and transport model HYDRUS5. A comparison of several scenarios showed that the resulting values of parameters depended strongly on the data used for calibration and the formulation of the objective function. The results suggested that inverse modelling could be used to identify important processes. Inversely obtained parameters gave better predictions for a second experiment when more variables were considered in the objective function and when the range of hydraulic conditions was wider. Furthermore, with retention curves directly fitted to measured water retention data we achieved acceptable results. Despite some limitations, the inverse approach was found to be a sound and useful procedure for estimating parameters of a complex system involving water uptake by roots, solute transport and unsaturated flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00491.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of cadmium and zinc in soil by Al-montmorillonite and gravel sludge (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We investigated the potential of montmorillonite, Al-montmorillonite and gravel sludge to immobilize polluting heavy metals in agricultural soil. Batch experiments showed that both Al-montmorillonite and montmorillonite immobilized zinc and cadmium. Zinc was bound specifically on Al-montmorillonite and became increasingly incorporated into the interlayer hydroxy-Al polymer, whereas there was no specific sorption on montmorillonite. Cadmium was bound on montmorillonite and Al-montmorillonite unspecifically by cation exchange, but there was no incorporation into the lattice.In pot experiments montmorillonite, Al-montmorillonite, or gravel sludge were added to a soil contaminated with zinc and cadmium. Increasing doses of these agents decreased the concentrations of NaNO3-extractable zinc and cadmium. Aluminium-montmorillonite and gravel sludge were more efficient than montmorillonite in immobilizing both zinc and cadmium. Remobilization tests at pH between 4 and 5.5 showed that cadmium and zinc desorbed more easily from montmorillonite than from Al-montmorillonite. Gravel sludge application increased the buffer capacity of the contaminated soil substantially. The binding agents decreased zinc concentrations in red clover (Trifolium pratense), and gravel sludge also reduced the cadmium concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00140.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural network models to predict cation exchange capacity in arid regions of Iran (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Design and analysis of land-use management scenarios requires detailed soil data. When such data are needed on a large scale, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) could be used to estimate different soil properties. Because existing regression-based PTFs for estimating cation exchange capacity (CEC) do not, in general, apply well to arid areas, this study was conducted (i) to evaluate the existing models and (ii) to develop neural network-based PTFs for predicting CEC in Aridisols of Isfahan in central Iran. As most researches have found a significant correlation between CEC and soil organic matter content (OM) and clay content, we also used these two variables for modelling of CEC. We tested several published PTFs and developed two neural network algorithms using multilayer perceptron and general regression neural networks based on a set of 170 soil samples. The data set was divided into two subsets for calibration and testing of the models. In general, the neural network-based models provided more reliable predictions than the regression-based PTFs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.0698.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solute recycling by crops and leaching in a drained arable soil (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Preferential flow, as it bypasses the soil matrix, can greatly enhance the leaching of chemicals. When a soil is drained there is the risk that such short-circuiting results in more or less direct passage of polluting chemicals from the soil to the groundwater. If the groundwater table is shallow the chemicals could be transferred back into the surface soil by hydraulic lift through roots and subsequent release by exudation or from decaying plant residues and again become exposed to leaching by preferential flow, thus strongly enhancing the chance of export via the drains.We investigated the leaching of bromide in a tile-drained arable field over 2 years of crop rotation. The site was a former wetland, artificially drained a century ago for agriculture. Bromide was applied over 1.6 ha at a dosage of 10 g Br per m2 in August 1995 after the harvest of wheat. During the 2 years 18% of the applied bromide was exported via the drainage system, most of it in preferential flow events and more than half of it in a single winter storm 5 months after the application. Within 7 months 56% of the applied tracer was leached out of the main root zone into the groundwater. Subsequently the tracer re-emerged in water taken up by sugar beet in the following season. The beet accumulated 50% of the initially applied bromide in their leaves and released it again after harvest when the leaves were left as green manure on the field. Our results show that this recycling of solutes to the topsoil can have an important influence on their leaching as the solutes are thus again exposed to preferential transport into drains in the course of preferential flow events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00653.x
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