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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Internal ovarian epithelium ; Endocytosis ; Embryotrophe ; Isoelectric focusing ; Xenoophorus captivus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In goodeid teleosts, prolonged embryonic development takes place within the ovarian cavity. Apposed maternal and embryonic epithelia interface via a nutritive liquid (embryotrophe) and facilitate aplacental matrotrophy. The role of the internal ovarian epithelium (IOE) in providing proteins for the embryotrophe has been studied using transmission electron-microscopic examinations of both the resting and the active ovarian lining, and isoelectric focusing of embryotrophe and maternal blood serum. The simple IOE is apparently composed of only one, filament-containing cell-type. In the non-gravid ovary these cells are cuboidal to columnar in shape, and are either compact and electron-dense or oedematous and light. During gestation, swelling of the ovarian connective tissue gives rise to dovetailing of the IOE with the subjacent capillary plexus. Part of the IOE overlying the capillaries becomes stretched, resulting in a thin endothelium-like demarcation. The nuclei and the bulk of the cytoplasm are usually recessed between the meshes of the protruding capillary network. The blood-embryotrophe pathway is thus reduced in places, to less than one μm. The active form of the IOE contains a well-developed vacuolar apparatus composed of small vesicles, vacuoles, multivesicular bodies, and a few lysosomes. Elements of the RER are sparsely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Endocytotic activity is observable at the apical and basolateral plasma membrane. Isoelectric focusing of both serum and embryotrophe produces numerous bands each between pI 4–8, which reveal many homologies. The intensity of corresponding bands varies considerably. It is concluded that the cells of the IOE provide a transport pathway for serum-derived macromolecular substances rather than produce proteinaceous secretions.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 325-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Goodeid embryos ; Trophotaeniae ; Cutaneous respiration ; Chloride cells ; Phosphatase ultrahistochemistry ; Freeze-fracture ; Xenoophorus captivus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The trophotaeniae and abdominal epidermis of Xenoophorus captivus embryos were studied by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, freeze-fracture replication, and histochemical techniques for unspecific phosphatases. The trophotaenial epithelium is continuous with both the intestinal mucosa and the epidermis, and contains structural elements similar to both. The predominant component is a simple brush-border epithelium consisting of cuboid cells showing signs of endocytotic activity at their apical surfaces. These are the absorptive elements of the trophotaeniae, and phosphatase ultracytochemistry demonstrates the presence of alkaline phosphatase on the external leaflet of their exposed plasma membranes. Enormously dilated intercellular spaces and large gaps occur in this epithelial covering. Beneath this absorptive epithelium lies an incomplete layer of dense squamous cells that appear to be derived from the stratified epithelium covering trophotaenial areas free of brush border epithelium and the abdominal wall. The exposed cell surfaces of this component are modified to form an elaborate pattern of microplicae which can be seen by scanning EM where gaps appear in the overlying absorptive epithelium. The stratified epithelium of the abdominal wall is underlain with collagen fibrils and an intricate network of capillaries, and is considered to be a site of cutaneous respiration. This cutaneous gas-exchange pathway averages 2–4 μm in thickness. Chloride cells are constituents of the stratified epithelium of the trophotaenial base and abdominal wall. The involvement of the endodermal component of the trophotaenial epithelium in the transfer of nutrients and possibly antibodies, and the role of the abdominal epidermis and ectodermal trophotaenial epithelium in gas exchange and osmoregulation, are discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Goodeid embryos ; Trophotaeniae ; Endocytosis ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cationized ferritin ; Xenoophorus captivus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorptive epithelium of the trophotaeniae of goodeid embryos is involved in the micropinocytotic uptake of protein macromolecules from the ovarian embryotrophe. Incubations of viable Xenoophorus captivus embryos in vitro with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and/or cationized ferritin (CF) allows the tracing of the fluid-phase and receptor-mediated pathways, respectively. Effects of lowered temperature on both these endocytotic mechanisms have been investigated. At 10° C, trophotaenial absorptive cells (TACs) have a strong capacity to ingest marker proteins from double tracer media. Surface-bound ligands (CF) and solutes (HRP), taken up in primary pinocytic vesicles, are rapidly channelled to the endosomal compartment. Part of the ingested CF is segregated into dense apical tubules and small vesicles indicating that membrane recycling and transcytosis continue at 10° C. Adsorptive endocytosis of CF at 5° C proceeds at a decreased rate. After incubation periods of 30 min and 1 h, tracer molecules can be found in vesicular, tubular and vacuolar compartments of the apical endocytic zone. At 0° C, no uptake of ligand worth mentioning could be ascertained. Fluid-phase endocytosis, on the other hand, is observable at this temperature. Enzyme reaction product accumulates in flattened vacuoles rather than typical voluminous endosomes. After prolonged exposure to HRP, the epithelial junctional complex becomes leaky and the marker protein penetrates the intercellular space and the lateral lamellar membrane invaginations of TACs.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 259 (1990), S. 321-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Goodeid embryos ; Trophotaeniae ; Absorptive cells ; Endocytic complex ; Membrane recycling ; Freeze-facture ; Xenotoca eiseni (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The trophotaenial absorptive cells (TACs) in goodeid embryos facilitate nutrient absorption during prolonged periods of intraovarian gestation. In a study of membrane differentiations associated with solute and ligand transfer in the trophotaeniae of Xenotoca eiseni, embryos were incubated in vivo with cationized ferritin (CF) prior to freeze-cleaving. This exposure to high concentrations of an adsorptive ligand was meant to induce swelling of the endosomal compartment. Macromolecular trafficking in TACs occurs via an apical endocytic complex consisting of plasma membrane invaginations, a large population of small vesicles, uniformly thick apical tubules, and endosomes. Freeze-fracture replicas showed that the microvillar plasma membrane P-face of TACs was studded with intramembrane particles (IMPs) at a fairly high density, whereas that of the cell surface proper contained a distinctly lower density and the tubulovesicular endocytic pits contained almost no IMPs. The majority of small vesicles and apical tubules in a near surface position displayed P-fracture faces with only a few odd IMPs, indicating that membrane, shuttling between the apical plasma membrane and intracellular sorting organelles, obviously does not carry along many large-sized integral membrane proteins. The distended endosomal compartment had many P-face-associated particles primarily clustered into patches. Specializations of the lateral plasma membrane included 4–8 tight junctional strands, relatively large complements of gap junction proteins, and numerous plaques of desmosomal membrane particles. A system of lamellar cisternae underlay the lateral cell surface that was in continuity with the intraepithelial space by numerous tubular canals, giving rise to an intracellular amplification of the basolateral plasma membrane. Their outward openings appeared as tiny pits on the cytoplasmic faces of freeze-cleaved cell membrane. The density of IMPs on the P-faces of the surface plasma membrane was apparently lower than that on its invaginated lamellar complex. Hence, it is concluded that the mobility of integral membrane proteins in the plane of the membrane may be hampered in movement across the surface pores.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 115-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Goodeid embryos ; Trophotaeniae ; Endocytosis ; Membrane recycling ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cationized ferritin ; Xenoophorus captivus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endodermal trophotaenial epithelium in goodeid embryos acts as a placental exchange site. Fine structural and cytochemical data indicate that the trophotaenial absorptive cells are endocytotically highly active. To test their micropinocytotic capacity and characterize the cellular mechanisms involved in membrane, solute and ligand movements, living embryos of Xenoophorus captivus were incubated in saline media containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and/or cationized ferritin (CF) in vitro, and the uptake of these tracer proteins examined by both time sequence analysis and pulse-chase procedures. In some embryos, the effects of prolonged exposure to CF injected into the ovarian cavity, was also investigated. Labelling of the free cell surface was detectable with CF only, but interiorization of both probes was quick from all incubation media. Adsorptive pinocytosis of CF and fluid-phase uptake of HRP sequentially labelled pinocytic vesicles, endosomes, and lysosome-like bodies. In addition, CF-molecules were sequestered within apical tubules and small vesicles. HRP was largely excluded from both organelles and ended up in the lysosomal compartment. For CF, two alternative pathways were indicated by the pulse-chase experiments; transcellular passage and regurgitation of tracer molecules to the apical cell surface. The latter procedure involves membrane and receptor recycling, in which apical tubules are thought to mediate. In double-tracer experiments, using an 8∶1 excess of HRP, external labelling with CF was light or lacking after 1–3 min, and the initial uptake-phase produced pinocytic vesicles and endosomes that mainly contained HRP-reaction product. Prolonged incubation, however, resulted in densely CF-labelled plasmalemmal invaginations and pinocytic vesicles that predominantly carried ferritin granules. After 60 min, the vacuoles of the endosomal compartment contained either high concentrations of HRP-reaction product, both tracers side by side, or virtually exclusively CF.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 259 (1990), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophotaeniae ; Endocytosis ; Lysosomotropic bases ; Ammonia ; Chloroquine ; Monensin ; Xenotoca eiseni, Xenoophorus captivus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The trophotaenial absorptive cells (TACs) in the goodeid teleosts, Xenotoca eiseni and Xenoophorus captivus facilitate macromolecular transport from mother to foetus. Various endocytic pathways operate in these cells as indicated by a highly compartmentalized vacuolar apparatus. A time-sequence analysis of the endocytotic activity involved in horseradish peroxidase (HRP) ingestion revealed that the solute marker was, for the most part, channelled to lysosome-like vacuoles. Alternatively, the electrostatic ligand cationized ferritin (CF) was also either transcytosed or regurgitated. In the TACs of Xenotoca eiseni, dose-dependent responses to ammonium ion (5 mM, 10mM, 20 mM), chloroquine (50 μM, 150 μM, 300 μM), and monensin (5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM) were registered after incubation of embryos in HRP-saline supplemented with the respective reagents. Each drug produced qualitatively distinct structural alterations in the cell's vacuolar apparatus. Treatment with raising concentrations of NH4Cl caused progressive vacuolation. In a dose-related way, the chloroquine effect was reflected in the formation of a uniformly labelled labyrinthic membrane system, apparently a consequence of indiscriminate fusion events. Monensin-treated cells always had some densely labelled, lysosome-like vacuoles, but typical endosomes were for the most part missing. At higher concentrations of the ionophore, dense apical tubules progressively disintegrated. In the TACs of Xenoophorus captivus, CF-trafficking was traced in the presence of NH4Cl (10 mM), chloroquine (150 μM), or monensin (10 μM). Ammonia caused endosomal swelling and thus seemingly affected the lysosomal pathway, but recycling and transcytosis were qualitatively unaffected albeit at distinctly lower rates. After treatment with chloroquine, the ligand was uniformly distributed within a tubulo-lamellar membrane complex. Both recycling pathways and ligand processing pathways were probably blocked due to an indiscriminate fusion of vacuolar compartments. Monensin did not apparently inhibit lysosomal sequestration, but transcytotic vesicles were only rarely observed. A perturbation of the recycling mechanisms was indicated by the structural disintegration of many dense apical tubules.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1095-1105 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Chemistry of Polyfunctional Ligands, XXXVI: About Halogeno- and Pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) Complexes of the Tritertiary Phosphine 1,1,1-Tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ [\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ + {\rm I}} ({\rm CO})_2 ({\rm R}_2 {\rm PCH}_2)_3 {\rm CCH}_3][\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ - {\rm I}} ({\rm Co})_4] $\end{document} (R = C6H5) 2 reacts with the alkali metal halides and pseudohalides MX(M = Na, K; X = Cl, Br, J) on ultraviolet irradiation to give the monomeric, paramagnetic (μeff ≍ 3 B.M.), tetrahedral cobalt(I) complexes XCo(R2PCH2)3CCH33 With CO the halogeno-cobalt(I) complexes 3a-c) yield the ionic, diamagnetic dicarbonyl compounds [Co(CO)2(R2PCH2)3]X(X = Cl, Br, J) 5. On the other hand the pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) complexes 3d,e give with CO the non-ionic complex Co(NCO)(CO)2(R2PCH2C(CH3)CH2PR2 6. The potentially tridentate ligand CH3C(CH2PR2)3 Serves in it as a bidentate monometallic ligand. The halogeno- and pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) complexes 3 are very air-sensitive. The forming of O2-complexes from the pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) compounds 3d, e in the solid state has been shown qualitatively by the infrared spectra. In solution these O2complexes decompose to phosphine oxide-containing products. With 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, Co(NCO)(R2PCH2)3CCH3 (3d) gives also an oxidative addition product, the Paramagnetic Co(NCO)(C14H8O2(R2PCH2)2-C(CH3) CH2PR2 8 (μeff 2.97 B.M.). The compounds were characterized by their infrared and far infrared spectra.
    Notes: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ [\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ + {\rm I}} ({\rm CO})_2 ({\rm R}_2 {\rm PCH}_2)_3 {\rm CCH}_3][\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ - {\rm I}} ({\rm Co})_4] $\end{document} (R = C6H5) 2 setzt sich mit Alkalimetallhalogeniden und pseudohalogeniden MX (M = Na, K; X = Cl, Br, J, NCO, N3)unter UV-Bestrahlung zu den monomeren, paramagnetischen (μeff ≍ 3 B.M.), tetraedrischen Kobalt(I)-Komplexen XCo(R2PCH2CCH3 3um. Mit Co bilden die Halogeno-kobalt(I)-Komplexe 3a-c die ionischen, diamagnetischen Dicarbonylverbindungen [Co(CO)2(R2PCH2)CCH3]X (X = Cl, Br, J) 5. Die pseudohalogeno-kobalt(I)-Komplexe 3d, e reagieren dagegen mit CO jeweils zu dem nicht ionischen CO(NCO)(CO)2(R2PCH2C(CH3)CH2PR2 6 Der potentiell dreizähnige Ligand CH3C(CH2PR2)3 wirkt dabei lediglich zweifachkoordinierend-monometallisch. Die halogeno und Pseudohalogeno-kobalt(I) Komplexe 3 sind sehr oxidationsempfindlich. Bei den pseudohalogeno-kobalt(I)Komplexen 3d-e gelang es, im Festzustand die Bildung von O2-Komplexen qualitativ IR-spektroskopisch nachzuweisen. In Lösung zerfallen diese O2-Komplexe zu phosphinoxidhaltigen Produkten. 9,10-Phenanthrenchinon wird oxidativ an Co(NCO)(R2PCH2)3CCH3(3d) addiert. Es entsteht das paramagnetische Co(NCO)(C14H8O2)(R2PCH2)2C(CH3)CH2PR2 8 mit einem mittleren Spin von 2.97B. M. Die Verbindungen wurden IR- unf FIR- spektroskopisch untersucht.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 331-339 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Jenynsia lineata retains its embryos within the ovarian cavity for a prolonged gestation. In the absence of egg envelopes, maternal - embryonic transfer occurs through ovarian fluid across apposed epithelia, relatively lining the ovarian lumen and the surface of the embryos. There are no hypertrophied extraembryonic structures that could provide expanded exchange surfaces for the passage of nutrients beyond the 8-mm stage, but structural specializations of the ovary then form, and these may sustain embryogenesis. Outgrowths of the inner lining of the ovary, villi ovariales, enter the pharyngeal cavity of the embryos via an opercular cleft remaining from early stages of development, after depletion of yolk reserves, until shortly before term. The ovary and its villi are lined by a monolayer of squamous cells showing evidence of vesicular transport of macromolecular substances both on the apical surface and at the basolateral pole. It serves for transcellular passage of maternally derived substances rather than as a source of secretory products. Most adjacent cells interdigitate, and the epithelium is continuous except for few gaps at the villous tips, which allow paracellular passage of particulate matter. These epithelial cells contain abundant filaments, electron-dense granules within the cytoplasm and the nucleus, sparse elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi apparatus, and different sorts of vacuoles. The capillaries in the intraovarian lining are spaced most densely at the ovarian wall, less so toward the tips of the villi. The villi ovariales contain a network of connective tissue that forms endotheliumlike septa, which divide the interior into numerous different-sized loculi.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 188 (1986), S. 203-224 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the morphology of the perianal processes (trophotaeniae) of goodeid embryos (Girardinichthys viviparus) at two stages of gestation. The epithelial surface of trophotaeniae is composed of two cell types, one of which shows distinct features associated with absorptive activity. Such cells are characterized by microvilli, abundant mitochondria, and an agranular tubulolamellar network. Micropinocytosis at the apical surface is relatively rare. The brush border membranes contain high levels of alkaline phosphatase. The cells of the second type are the minor component of the trophotaenial epithelium. Their surface is distinct, due to the presence of microridges rather than microvilli. The reticulate arrangement of the cells gives rise to intercellular spaces which occasionally are very large. These interstices are populated with leukocytes. The histological appearance of these sections indicates that this tissue is involved in gas exchange. Embryos at very early stages of development possess similar epithelia which are differentiated to a lesser extent. The connective tissue in some parts of the processes shows structural modifications. It is densely packed with numerous leukocytes occupying the spaces between the cytyoplasmic ramifications of the stroma cells. Possible roles of the trophotaeniae in absorption, respiration, excretion, and the acquisition of immunity are discussed, and it is concluded that the perianal processes of the Goodeidae are more than just trophic embryonic structures.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1988-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0302-766X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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