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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sound transmission through the avian interaural pathways (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 136 (1980), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The magnitude and phase of sound transmitted through the avian interaural pathways were measured acoustically and with cochlear microphonic recordings. 2. The acoustic measures indicated that a sound stimulus on one side of the head could be conducted through the tympanic membrane and across the interaural pathway to the opposite middle ear with an attenuation of about 25–35 dB. 3. The acoustic loss was primarily due to sound transmission across the tympanic membrane, with no further attenuation attributed to sound conduction through the interaural pathways. 4. A comparison of cochlear microphonic recordings during ipsilateral or contralateral stimulation indicated a loss of 15–20 dB due to sound conduction across the contralateral tympanic membrane and interaural pathways. 5. Sound conducted through the interaural pathway exhibited a frequency dependent phase delay. 6. The consequences of binaural stimulation on the cochlear microphonic response could be predicted by a vector addition of the response to monaural ipsilateral or contralateral stimulation. 7. The maintenance of a constant SPL at the contralateral ear varied the cochlear response to ipsilateral stimuli, in a frequency dependent manner, by as much as ±2 dB. 8. It is hypothesized that the chick interaural pathways act like the air filled trachae of insects, which connect the bilateral ears and are thought to be important in auditory localization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657532
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical bands in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 125 (1978), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Critical bands (CBs) were measured in the parakeet by obtaining masked thresholds for a pure tone in the presence of noise bands of varying bandwidth. Six test frequencies were used and masked thresholds were estimated for between six and eight bands of noise at each. The CB was determined as the intersection of two regression lines fitted to the masked thresholds; one for those thresholds that were independent of masker bandwidth and the second for those thresholds which were dependent on masker bandwidth (Fig. 2). The critical band was similar to that reported in other species in that it was consistently greater than the critical ratio by about 2.5–3.0 times. The value of the CB at various test frequencies tends to increase at a rate of 3 dB per octave in many other species. In the parakeet however, the size of the CB is relatively constant between 0.25 and 4.0 kHz and then rapidly increases. The unusual shape of the critical band curve suggests that there may be a unique organization of the internal auditory filters that are associated with the CB in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656871
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auditory structure and function in the mouse middle ear: An evaluation by SEM and capacitive probe (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 146 (1982), S. 517-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The anatomic structures of the mouse middle ear were identified and examined with scanning electron microscopy and the area and lever ratios were measured in a number of ears. 2. The displacement and velocity response at 100 dB for test frequencies between 1.5 and 35.0 kHz were measured with a capacitive probe at three locations: The tip of the long process of the malleus, the transverse portion of the malleus, and the head of the incus. 3. The velocity vs frequency response curve at the tip of the malleus resembled a high-pass filter with a resonant frequency around 12.0 kHz, and a high and low frequency roll-off of about 1.4 dB and 6.7 dB/octave respectively. 4. The displacement response at the tip of the malleus was linear for stimulus intensities between 100 and 130 dB. 5. A comparison of the velocity frequency response curves measured at the tip of the malleus, at the transverse portion of the malleus, and at the head of the incus, provided some indication of the complexity of ossicular motion in the middle ear. 6. The shape of the inverse velocity curve at the transverse portion of the malleus was nearly identical to the threshold sensitivity curve of the mouse above 4.0 kHz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609448
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Middle-ear development: II. Morphometric changes in the conducting apparatus of the chick (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ontogeny of various middle-ear structures was examined in 11 groups of chicks between 10 days embryonic and adult. Measurements of the tympanic membrane surface area and height, columella length, and that of the columella footplate, annular ligament, and oval window area were obtained using video micrographs and computer digitization techniques. The oval window matures first at 53 days post-hatching, whereas the columella achieves adult size at 74 days. The tympanic membrane surface area is the last middle-ear variable studied to reach adult size (79 days post-hatch). The columella increases its length from 0.63 mm (10 days embryonic) to 2.73 mm in the adult. The tympanic membrane area expands by 280% whereas the columellar footplate area increases by 11x. As a result, the pressure amplification of the middle ear due to the tympanic membrane/columellar footplate area ratio improves by over 400%. These data further contribute to our understanding of the functional development of the middle ear. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120305
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auditory development in the mouse: Structural maturation of the middle ear (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 176 (1983), S. 249-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of middle-ear structures in the mouse was examined in nine groups of pups between 1 and 45 days of age. The area of the tympanic membrane (pars tensa and pars flaccida), the length of the lever arms of the malleus and incus, the surface area of the oval window, and the volume of the bulla all showed systematic changes during neonatal life. The area of the oval window reached maturity first and the lever arms achieved 90% of their adult size on day 11. The tympanic membrane achieved the same criterion on day 18. These data help us further to understand the processes that contribute to the functional ontogeny of the middle ear.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051760302
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  • 6
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    A Critical Period for Acoustic Trauma in the Hamster and Its Relation to Cochlear Development (1977)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-07-22
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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