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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 49 (1957), S. 1449-1450 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Formal aspects of computing 7 (1995), S. 430-439 
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Keywords: Formal specification ; Specification language Z
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In specifying an operation it is often advantageous to describe it with abstract inputs and outputs whose concrete representation is described separately. For example, it is often convenient to describe as a set, input which in practice occurs as a sequence. The primary advantage of this approach is that one can initially concentrate on specifying an operation without the representations of its interface (that is, its inputs and outputs) obscuring the more important concerns of its abstract functional properties. Interface representations can be tackled independently, after the abstract functionality has been decided. Such separation of an operation into an abstract core and its interface with its environment makes the task of specification simpler, aids clarity of the result, and encourages reuse of both the abstract operation and its interface descriptions.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Formal aspects of computing 2 (1990), S. 273-293 
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Keywords: Communicating sequential processes ; occam ; Systolic array
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A scheme is presented which transforms systolic programs with a two-dimensional structure to one dimension. The elementary steps of the transformation are justified by theorems in the theory of communicating sequential processes and the scheme is demonstrated with an example in occam: matrix composition/decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Formal aspects of computing 8 (1996), S. 617-647 
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Keywords: Probability ; Concurrency ; Nondeterminism ; Refinement ; CSP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Jones and Plotkin give a general construction for forming a probabilistic powerdomain over any directed-complete partial order [Jon90, JoP89]. We apply their technique to the failures/divergences semantic model for Communicating Sequential Processes [Hoa85]. The resulting probabilistic model supports a new binary operator, probabilistic choice, and retains all operators of CSP including its two existing forms of choice. An advantage of using the general construction is that it is easy to see which CSP identities remain true in the probabilistic model. A surprising consequence however is that probabilistic choice distributes through all other operators; such algebraic mobility means that the syntactic position of the choice operator gives little information about when the choice actually must occur. That in turn leads to some interesting interaction between probability and nondeterminism. A simple communications protocol is used to illustrate the probabilistic algebra, and several suggestions are made for accommodating and controlling nondeterminism when probability is present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Distributed computing 5 (1991), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0452
    Keywords: Specification case study ; Communication protocols ; CSP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Summary The sliding-window protocol is specified using the notation of communicating Sequential Processes and its partial correctness is proved using the trace semantics. First the stop-and-wait protocol is defined; its correctness, that it forms a 1-place buffer, is almost evident. Next the alternating-bit protocol is defined and described in terms of the stop-and-wait protocol, and its correctness deduced from that of the stop-and-wait protocol. Finally the sliding-window protocol is described in terms of the alternating-bit protocol and its correctness deduced accordingly. The paper has two thrusts: that modularity of a specification helps to structure proofs about it (in this case, proofs that the protocols implement buffers); and that refinement in CSP leads to structured, correct implementations in occam. In support of the latter point the appendix contains a refinement and implementation of the protocols in occam 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 29 (1976), S. 136-161 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Modell beschreibt die Entwicklung der Windwellen über tiefem Wasser. Eine Größe wird definiert, die das Entwicklungsstadium der Windsee bescreibt. Das Model trägt dem “Overshoot” wie auch den wesentlichen meteorologischen Bedingungen Rechnung. Die Stabilität der Luftschichtung ist neben Fetch, Andauer und mittlerer Windgeschwindigkeit ein wichtiger Faktor. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den Messungen der JOINSWAP-Experimente gewidmet, die unter speziellen meteorologischen Bedingungen erzielt wurden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Genauigkeit der Endergebnisse entscheidend von der Güte der Beschreibung des Windfeldes abhängt.
    Abstract: Résumé Le modèle décrit le développement de la mer du vent sur les eaux profondes. Il est défini une quantité qui donne le degré de croissance de la mer du vent. Le modèle rend compte du «dépassement» et aussi des caractéristiques principales des conditions météorologiques. La stabilité de l'air est un facteur d'importance en plus du fetch, de la durée et de la vitesse moyenne du vent. Une attention spéciale est portée sur les mesures des expériences JONSWAP, celles-ci paraissant être un cas particulier des conditions métérologiques. On a constaté que la description du champ du vent était de beaucoup le plus important facteur déterminant la précision des résultats définitifs.
    Notes: Summary The model describes the development of wind sea on deep water. A quantity is defined that gives the growth-stage of the wind sea. The model accounts for “overshoot” and also for the main characteristics of meteorological conditions. The stability of the air is a factor of importance besides fetch, duration and mean wind speed. Special attention is given to the measurements of the JONSWAP-experiments, as these turn out to be a special case of the meteorological conditions. It was found that the description of the wind field was by fat the most important factor determining the accuracy of the ultimate results.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Single copy transcriptional lacZ fusions ; NaCl regulation ; Lactococcus lactis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An integration vector, pORI13, was developed to screen in Lactococcus lactis for expression signals induced by changes in the environment and to assay transcriptional activity of genes in single copy. The plasmid carries a promoterless Escherichia coli lacZ gene preceded by a start codon, a lactococcal ribosome binding site, and a multiple cloning site. Chromosomal Sau3AI fragments of L. lactis MG1363 DNA were cloned in pORI13 using a RepA+ E. coli as host. The resulting bank of plasmids was used for Campbell-type integration into the chromosome of L. lactis MG1363. The relatively large size of the chromosomal fragments used increases the chance of retaining complete genes in the targeted region. Screening of integrants in the presence of 0.3 M NaCl resulted in the isolation of a clone (NS3) in which expression of lacZ was dependent on the concentration of chloride ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Formal aspects of computing 3 (1991), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1957-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0019-7866
    Electronic ISSN: 1541-5724
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Glaciers produce cirques by scouring their beds and sapping their headwalls, but evidence to constrain models of these processes has been elusive. We report a suite of environmental measurements from three cirque glacier bergschrunds, including the first temperature series recorded at depth throughout most of an annual cycle. Compared to the ambient air, the bergschrunds were colder in summer and warmer in winter. Freeze-thaw cycles were rare, and relatively stable subfreezing temperatures persisted from November until May. Using a model for rock fracturing driven by ice segregation, we demonstrate that favorable conditions for fracturing occur not only on the headwall above the glacier, but also within the bergschrund, where periglacial weathering and glacial transport can act together to drive cirque headwall retreat. A small (~3 °C) year-round decrease in temperatures to conditions more typical of the Pleistocene would likely intensify the weathering process. Though so far ignored in all glacial landscape evolution models, the bergschrund likely plays an essential role in the sculpting of alpine landscapes.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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