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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the removal of metals during activated sludge wastewater treatment I. The role of soluble ligands (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1984), S. 383-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of mixed liquor were withdrawn from a laboratory-scale activated sludge simulation operated at a range of sludge ages from 3 to 12 days in order to examine the difference in metal uptake by the mixed liquor biomass in the absence and presence of soluble ligands. One half of the samples were centrifuged, washed, and resuspended in physiological saline solution, and the rest were left unchanged. In another experiment, aliquots of synthetic sewage were added to mixed liquor samples to investigate the effect of increased soluble influent sewage ligands on metal uptake. It was found that at low sludge ages, uptake of metals by biomass was lower in the presence of soluble ligands than in their absence, but as the sludge age increased uptake in the presence of soluble ligands also increased. It is suggested that at low sludge ages, ligands predominantly prevented metal uptake by the biomass by chelating the metals and stabilizing them in solution and, at longer sludge ages, ligands predominantly enhanced uptake. Increasing the concentration of synthetic sewage caused a reduction in metal removal and it is suggested that soluble ligands in the synthetic sewage were responsible for preventing metal uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01056253
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the removal of metals during activated sludge wastewater treatment II. The role of mixed liquor biomass (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1984), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of mixed liquor from a laboratory-scale activated sludge simulation, operated at a range of sludge ages from 3 to 12 days, were treated with formaldehyde in order to obtain a metabolically inactive biomass. The metal removal behavior of this biomass was compared with that of untreated biomass. Only Cu and Ni were found to exhibit a high degree of removal in the presence of active biomass. Manganese, Cd, Co, and Tl demonstrated removals little affected by the activity of the biomass, and at longer sludge ages more metal was taken up by formaldehyde-treated than by untreated cells. Dispersed mixed liquor in the form of a bulking sludge was found to have a greater affinity for most metals than a well-settled, compact mixed liquor. Consequently, it is proposed that the important factors in metal removal by the mixed liquor solids were related to their behavior as particulates, the physical characteristics of the particle being more important than their viability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01056254
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of bacterial growth on the forms of cadmium in defined culture media (1980)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 24 (1980), S. 196-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608097
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The microbiological control of mine waste pollution (1979)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 1 (1979), S. 45-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The removal of heavy metals and neutralisation of acidity in mine waste waters by algae and bacteria are reviewed. Algal growths in artificial meander systems have been shown to remove significant quantities of heavy metals and fine particulates from mine waste waters. Bacterial systems for the oxidation of ferrous iron and the reduction of sulphate leading to neutralisation of acidity are described. The use of bacterial extracellular polymers in the removal of heavy metals from solution is discussed with reference to its application to acid mine waters. It is concluded that a combination of bacterial and algal systems with process optimisation, including nutrient amendment, may provide suitable treatment for mine waste waters. Metal-resistant bacteria may also be important in reclamation, where it is possible that they can confer some degree of tolerance on the plants used to revegetate metal-contaminated tailings dumps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010716
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of process parameters on the removal of heavy metals in activated sludge (1982)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 17 (1982), S. 185-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of six heavy metals in an activated sludge pilot plant under conditions of normal and elevated influent metal concentrations has been studied. Percentage heavy metal removals at sludge ages of 4, 9, and 12 d were more consistent when metals were added to the system, possibly as a result of lesser variations in heavy metal speciation in the settled sewage, and the greatest degree of accumulation of heavy metals by the biomass occurred at the 12 d sludge age. When shock loads of heavy metals were introduced into the system, their concentrations in the effluent did not immediately rise in proportion; however, heavy metal removal efficiencies were similar under steady state conditions of normal and elevated influent metal concentrations. Cadmium, Cu, and Ni were largely soluble in the effluent samples, but Cr, Pb, and Zn were predominantly insoluble, indicating that particulate forms of these metals may escape removal in secondary sedimentation. The high degree of Ni solubility in the settled sewage and final effluent reflected its consistently poor removal in the process. The two most soluble metals, Cu and Ni, appeared to be associated to a large degree with high molecular weight substances in the settled sewage and final effluent, possibly influencing their availability for uptake by the biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283301
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle size fractionation and metal distribution in sewage sludges (1989)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 45 (1989), S. 27-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A sequential step filtration technique has been used to investigate the different particle size fractions of suspended solids in several raw, activated and digested sewage sludge samples. Liquid sludge was passed through filters with progressively smaller pore sizes, from 100 µm down to 0.2 µm. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn associated with each particle size fraction were also determined. The particle size distributions indicated that there was a greater proportion of larger particles in the raw and activated sludges than in the digested sludges. Generally in activated sludge the metals tended to be associated with the large particles of 〉 100 µm, whereas in raw and particularly digested sludges the metals were found in the smaller particle size fractions from 20 µm, down to 2.5 µm. Calculating specific associations in terms of mg kg−1 the 8 to 20 µm range appears important in complexing metals. This was especially evident when comparing the sludges from the same treatment works. Generally distributions were more widespread when results were expressed as mg kg−1 as opposed to mg L−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208575
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The speciation of metals in sewage and activated sludge effluent (1984)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 21 (1984), S. 387-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A gel filtration chromatography technique was used to separate soluble species of Cd, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, and TI in the influent and effluent of a laboratory scale activated sludge simulation operated at a range of sludge ages from 3 to 18 days. It was found that, whilst there was no general trend for all six metals, Cd and Mn associated mainly with low molecular weight fractions; Co, Cu, and Ni with a range of predominantly high molecular weight fractions; and TI tended towards association with high molecular weight fractions which influenced metal solubility and appeared to be significant in determining metal removal. It appeared that all metals exhibited high affinity for mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and that this affinity was strongest for Cu and Cd. Nickel, Co, Cu, and TI appeared to show a high affinity for polymeric microbial products produced at longer sludge ages. The gel filtration technique was found to be useful in the separation of metal species in conjunction with a sufficiently sensitive detector provided their concentrations in the original sample were relatively high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163638
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentrations of heavy metals in forty sewage sludges in England (1980)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 14 (1980), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of forty sewage sludges taken in England during 1979 were analysed for ten heavy metals using a rapid flameless atomic absorption spectroscopic technique. For all metals the mean concentrations were influenced by a small number of sludges containing exceptionally high concentrations. Typically, the concentration ranges showed approximately a 100-fold spread. Calculations based on U.K. guidelines for limiting the addition of toxic metals in sludge to agricultural soils indicated that application rates would theoretically be limited for more than 75 % of the sludges by the concentrations of Zn, Cu and Ni, expressed additively as the Zn equivalent. Calculations of the theoretical maximum quantities of sludges which could be applied to land on an annual basis suggested that a significant proportion of the sludges would be unsuitable for application to agricultural land at rates of more than 2 t ha−1 yr−1
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291831
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of flow conditions on the removal of heavy metals in the primary sedimentation process (1983)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 19 (1983), S. 105-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A pilot scale primary sedimentation pilot plant, treating raw sewage, was used to assess the efficiency of removal of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Heavy metal removals were determined during conditions designed to simulate normal dry weather flow, three times dry weather flow and diurnal variations in flow. During these experiments, the flow of sewage to the works where the pilot plant was sited also varied. It was found that short term variations in heavy metal concentrations in the raw sewage were related to the flow, although percentage removals appeared to be relatively unaffected by heavy metal concentrations. Removals during normal dry weather flow conditions were generally in the range of 25 to 50%, with Cu and Pb removals highest and Ni removal lowest. Lower removal efficiencies were observed when the flow to the pilot plant was increased three-fold, and the poorest removals were observed under variable flow conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211797
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  • 10
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    The microbiological control of mine waste pollution (1979)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0269-4042
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2983
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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