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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 48 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adult honey bees killed after honey harvest were analyzed and evaluated as a raw material for protein extraction. Bees collected were 49.8% crude protein, 7.54% total lipid, and 27.1% reducing sugar (moisture-free basis). Whole bees were homogenized, body proteins solubilized in alkali, chitin removed by filtration, and protein recovered by acid precipitation. Amount of protein solubilized by NaOH addition varied from negligible without alkali (pH 6.1) to 93% of body crude protein with severest treatment at pH 11.2. With alkali extraction at pH 10.5 and acid precipitation at pH 5.5, 59% of total solids were found in the precipitate and 41% remained in the supernatant. The precipitate was 66.3% crude protein, 9.4% total lipid and 7.9% ash. Heads, thoraces and abdomens were separated and each separately extracted (pH 10.5) and precipitated (pH 5.5). Amino acid analyses of heads (70.1% protein), thoraces (54.9% protein) and abdomens (36.6% protein) permitted evaluation of protein quality. Thorax protein was most homogeneous for amino acids analyzed, and all were nutritionally limited by sulfur containing amino acids.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 50 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were carried out to determine the protein quality of whole dried honey bees (56.8% crude protein, 11.1% chitin) and honey bee protein concentrate (64.2% crude protein, 0% chitin). The levels of most of the indispensable amino acids were higher in honey bee protein concentrate than in whole dried bees. The true protein digestibility was higher (P 〈 0.05) in the concentrate (94.3%) than in whole dried honey bees (71.5%), as were the amino acid availabilities. PER and NPU were 2.47 and 62, respectively, in the concentrate and 1.50 and 42.5, respectively, in whole dried honey bees. The removal of chitin following alkali extraction of whole dried honey bees is primarily responsible for the improvement in protein quality.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 152-155 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Pig ; polysaccharides ; cannulation ; exocrine pancreatic secretion ; Schwein ; Polysaccharide ; Pankreasfistulierung ; exokrine Pankreassekretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Börge mit einem mittleren Anfangsgewicht von 70 kg wurden nach der „Pouch Technik“ mit Pankreas-Umleitungskanülen versehen, um den Einfluß von Stärke bzw. Pektin auf die exokrine Pankreassekretion zu untersuchen. Die Tiere erhielten halbsynthetische Rationen ohne Pektin (Kontrolle) bzw. mit 7.5 % Pektin im Austausch gegen Maisstärke. Die Diäten wurden in zwei Mahlzeiten (900 g um 08:30 und 20:30) verabreicht. Pankreassaft wurde kontinuierlich über 24 h gesammelt. Während die Pektinsupplementierung keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf das Pankreassekretvolumen und die Gesamtsekretion an Stickstoff, Lipase, Trypsin und Chymotrypsin hatte, wurde die Gesamtaktivität an α-Amylase im Pankreassekret signifikant (p〈.05) reduziert.
    Notes: Summary Four barrows, initial wt. 70 kg, fitted with permanent pancreatic cannulas according to the “Pouch Method”, were used to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of pectin on pancreatic secretions. The pigs were fed two corn starch-based diets, containing 16 % crude protein from soybean meal, with 0 or 7.5 % pectin. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 08:30 and 20:30, 900 g each meal. Pancreatic juice was collected continuously at 1-h intervals for a total of 24 h. The inclusion of pectin did not affect (p〉.05) the flow of pancreatic juice and the total secretion of nitrogen, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. However, there was a significant (p〈.05) decrease in the secretion of α-amylase, which was actually a direct result of the replacement of starch by pectin.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 182-190 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Pigs ; mucin ; endogenous amino acids ; endogenous carbohydrates ; Schweine ; Mucin ; endogene Aminosäuren ; endogene Kohlenhydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei kastrierten männlichen Schweinen, die eine proteinfreie Nahrung und intravenös entweder mit Kochsalzlösung (SAI) oder ein Aminosäurengemisch erhielten, wurde die tägliche Aminosäurenausschüttung (AAI) im Ileuminhalt bestimmt. Mit der wasserlöslichen und in Ethanol ausfällbaren Fraktion des Ileuminhalts (Gesamtmucin) (CM) wurde die Zusammensetzung von Mucin im Ileuminhalt gemessen. Diese Fraktion wies eine für Mucin charakteristische Kohlegydratzusammensetzung und einen hohen Gehalt an Treonin, Serin und Prolin (40 mol/100 mol). Die Anteile an Mucinen aus dem Magen und Darm betrugen 27 bezw. 73 % und wurden nach dem Verhältnis zwischen N-Acetylgalactosamin (GiNAc):N-Acetylgalactosamin (GalNAc) im CM ermittelt. Die täglichen Ausschüttungen an löslichem Mucin betrugen bei den SAI- bzw. AAI-Schweinen (p=0,13) und wurden aus den Gal-NAc-Exkretionen im CM bestimmt, wobei die obengenannten Anteile der Magen- und Darmmucine angenommen wurden. Die bestimmten löslichen Mucinausschüttungen im CM bestanden zu mehr als 90 % aus Fucose, Galactose, GaINAc und GlcNAc. Die Gesamtausschüttungen an Mucin im Ileuminhalt beliefen sich bei den SAI- bzw. AAI-Schweinen (p=0,24) auf 5,32 und 5,56 g/Tag und wurden aus der Gesamtausschüttung aus dem Ileuminhalt ermittelt, wobei davon ausgegangen wurde, daß lösliches und unlösliches Mucin die gleichen Zusammensetzungen aufwies. Basierend auf diesen Ausschüttungen, entsprach Mucin im Ileuminhalt ca. 30,7 bis 22, 15 und 11 % Threonin, Prolin, Serin und Protein. Annähernd 74, 76, 100 bezw. 53 % Fucose, Galactose, GAINAc und GlcNAc des Ileuminhalts entfielen in dieser Studie an Schweinen auf Mucin. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse der Studie unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Mucin als Lieferant von endogenen Aminosäuren und endogenen Kohlehydraten.
    Notes: Abstract Daily outputs of mucin in ileal digesta were estimated in three barrows fed a protein-free diet while administered either saline (SAI) or a complete amino acid mixture (AAI) intravenously. The water soluble-ethanol precipitable fraction of ileal digesta (crude mucin; CM) was used to estimate the composition of mucin in ileal digesta. This fraction exhibited a carbohydrate composition characteristic of mucin and had a high threonine, serine and proline content (40 mol/100 mol). The proportions of soluble gastric and intestinal mucins, approximately 27 and 73 %, respectively, were estimated from the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ratio in CM. The daily outputs of soluble mucin, 2.75 and 3.41 g/day from SAI and AAI pigs (p=0.13), respectively, were determined from the GalNAc outputs in CM, assuming the above contributions of gastric and intestinal mucins. The estimated soluble mucin outputs accounted for more than 99 % of the fucose, galactose, GalNAc and GlcNAc in CM. Total mucin outputs in ileal digesta, 5.32 and 5.65 g/day from SAI and AAI Pigs (p=0.24), respectively, were determined from the total GalNAc output in digesta, assuming soluble and insoluble mucin had similar compositions. Based on these outputs, mucin represented approximately 30, 7 to 22, 15 and 11 % of the endogenous threonine, proline, serine and protein, respectively, in ileal digesta. Approximately 74, 76, 100 and 53 % of the fucose, galactose GalNAc and GlcNAc, respectively, in ileal digesta from pigs in this study was attributed to mucin. The results from this study demonstrate the importance of mucin as a source of some endogenous amino acids and carbohydrates.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 224-230 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Pig ; fat ; pancreatic secretions ; enzymes ; Schwein ; Fett ; Pankreassekretion ; Enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Börge mit einem mittleren Anfangsgewicht von 35 kg wurden mit permanenten Pankreas-Umleitungskanülen versehen, um den Einfluß von Fettmenge und -qualität auf die exokrine Pankreassekretion zu untersuchen. Die Tiere erhielten synthetische Rationen auf der Grundlage von Maisstärke und Sojaproteinisolat mit einem Rohproteingehalt von 15 %. Ration C-0 enthielt kein Rapsöl, während die übrigen drei Rationen 15 % Rapsöl im Austausch gegen Maisstärke enthielten, und zwar frisches Rapsöl (Ration C-15) oder unter Vakuum bei 180° C über einen Zeitraum von 12 h (Ration C-15/12) bzw. 24 h (Ration C-15/24) erhitzt. Die Versuchsanordnung entsprach einem 4×4 Lateinischen Quadrat. Die Diäten wurden in zwei Mahlzeiten (900 g um 08:00 und 20:00 h) verabreicht. Nach einer Adaptationsphase von 7 d wurde das Pankreassekret kontinuierlich in 2-h-Intervallen in zwei zeitlich voneinander getrennten Sammelperioden über jeweils 24 h quantitativ erfaßt. Das Maximum der Volumensekretion ergab sich 6–10 h postprandial; die Volumensekretion in der Tag- (08:00–20:00 h) und Nachtphase (20:00–08:00 h) zeigte keine signifikanten (P〉.05) Unterschiede. Die Substitution von 15 % Stärke durch 15 % Rapsöl führte zu einer deutlichen (P〈.05) Abnahme der α-Amylase zugunsten einer erhöhten (P〈.05) Lipasesekretion. Die Fettoxidation durch Erhitzen verursachte einen weiteren Anstieg (P〈.05) der Lipaseausscheidung. Die Untersuchungen belegen, daß die exokrine Pankreassekretion beim Schwein durch uantitative und qualitative Veränderungen des Nahrungsfettes zu beeinflussen ist.
    Notes: Summary Four barrows, average initial weight 35 kg, were fitted with permanent pancreatic re-entrant cannulas and used to determine the effect of level and quality of dietary fat on exocrine pancreatic secretions. The pigs were fed four corn starch-based diets that contained 15 % crude protein from isolated soy protein. Diet 1 contained no canola oil (C-0); diet 2, 15 % canola oil (C-15); diet 3, 15 % canola oil that was heated under vacuum at 180° C for 12 h (C-15/12); diet 4, 15 % canola oil that was heated under vacuum at 180° C for 24 h (C-15/24). Heat treatment resulted in a 4- to 5-fold increase in the content of malonaldehyde which is derived from the oxidation of fatty acids and which is closely related to odour and rancidity in lipids. The experiment was carried out according to a 4×4 Latin square design. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 08:00 and 20:00 h, 900 g each meal. Following an adaptation period of 7 d, pancreatic juice was collected continuously for 24 h at 2-h intervals from 08:00 on d 8 until 08:00 on d 9 and from 08:00 on d 10 until 08:00 on d 11 during each experimental period. The volume of secretion of pancreatic juice peaked 6–10 h postprandially and was similar (P〉.05) during day (08:00–20:00 h) and night (20:00–08:00 h). Replacement of 15 % starch by 15 % canola oil resulted in a decrease (P〈.05) in the secretion of α-amylase and an increase (P〈.05) in the secretion of lipase. The inclusion of oxidized fat caused a further increase (P〈.05) in total lipase activities. It can be concluded that the exocrine pancreas is able to adapt to variations in the level and quality of dietary lipids.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1993-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0044-264X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1293
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1997-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0044-264X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1293
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1995-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0044-264X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1293
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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