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  • 1
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    Source parameters of injection-induced microseismicity (1998)
    In:  Pageoph, Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 113-130, pp. 8011, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Induced seismicity ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Mining geophysics ; Erdstoss ; Gebirgsschlag ; Seismicity ; Source parameters
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Seismicity Caused by Mines, Fluid Injections, Reservoirs and Oil Extraction, 244 pp. (1999)
    Birkhäuser
    In:  Basel, Birkhäuser, vol. 6, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 95-104, (ISBN 1-85312-745-0)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Mining geophysics ; Induced seismicity ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Textbook of geophysics ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Fluids ; exploitation ; Applied geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    A seismic model of casing failure in oil fields (1998)
    In:  Pageoph, Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 197-217, pp. 8011, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Induced seismicity ; Fluids ; Fracture ; shearing ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Seismicity and casing failures due to steam stimulation in oil sands (1998)
    In:  Pageoph, Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 219-233, pp. 8011, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Induced seismicity ; Fluids ; Fracture ; shearing ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Seismicity Associated with Mines, Reservoirs and Fluid Injections (1998)
    Birkhäuser
    In:  Basel, 348 pp., Birkhäuser, vol. 6, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 95-104, (ISBN 1-85312-745-0)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Mining geophysics ; Induced seismicity ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Textbook of geophysics ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Fluids
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Source Parameters of Injection-induced Microseismicity (1998)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 153 (1998), S. 113-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Water injection, microseismic events, source parameters.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —We analyze source parameters of microseismic events (M 〈 − 1) associated with high flow-rate water injections in a shale formation at a depth of 220 m. Two types of events were observed several hundred impulsive events with clear P- and S-wave arrivals, and continuous emissions with peaked spectra detected well into the experiment. For a representative collection of impulsive events, an 〈omega〉−2 model provided satisfactory fits to displacement spectra corrected for attenuation, and average quality factors of 34 and 15 were obtained for P and S waves. P-wave first motion analysis and E S  /E P ratios indicated the existence of a non-double-couple component in some events, particularly early in the experiment. A clear difference was observed for estimates of stress release parameters as non-double-couple events had smaller stress drops and apparent stresses. The seismic efficiency of double-couple and non-double-couple events was limited to 0.9% and 0.05% respectively, with average values being 0.25% and 0.02%. A comparison of our results with those reported for a similar magnitude range in a hard-rock formation indicates considerably smaller estimates of stress drop and apparent stress in our case while seismic efficiencies are comparable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050187
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Injection-induced Microseismicity in Colorado Shales (1998)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 153 (1998), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Water injection, microseismicity, source location, P- and S-wave velocity, attenuation, polarization.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Imperial Oil Resources Limited uses cyclic steam stimulation to recover oil from their Cold Lake oil field in Alberta. This operation, in particular situations, can be associated with the failure of well casings in the Colorado shales above the oil-bearing formation. A number of fluid injection operations was undertaken at this site and the associated microseismicity was detected using two three-component geophones and fifteen hydrophones. The purpose of this experiment was to simulate the occurrence of a casing failure, determine the feasibility of monitoring in a shallow environment, and characterize the microseismic activity. A calibration survey provided values of 1786 ± 108 m/s for P-wave velocity, 643 ± 56 m/s for S-wave velocity and 0.428 ± 0.017 for Poisson’s ratio in the shale formation. Estimates of the quality factor Q P were 15 for the horizontal direction and 38 for the vertical direction, corroborating the evidence of velocity anisotropy. Calibration shots were located to within 10 m of the actual shot points using triangulation and polarization techniques. Several hundred microseis mic events were recorded and 135 events were located. The results showed that microseismic activity was confined to depths within 10 meters of the injection depth. The experiment clearly established the feasibility of detecting microseismicity induced by fluid injection rates typical of casing failures in shales at distances over 100 m.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050186
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismicity and Casing Failures Due to Steam Stimulation in Oil Sands (1998)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 153 (1998), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Casing failure, oil sands, seismicity, seismic modeling, steam stimulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —This paper describes observations of seismicity and casing failures associated with steam stimulation operations at Imperial Oil Ltd.’s Cold Lake oil field in Alberta, Canada. A total of 11 oil-producing pads were monitored over a 1–2 year period using 3-component geophones cemented at depths ranging from 160 m to 400 m and data acquisition systems with a flat frequency response up to 1.5 kHz. Most of the seismicity was detected during the steaming operations and was located in the formation overlying the oil-bearing layer. Some activity was observed in the shales above, however, the reservoir itself showed almost no evidence of seismicity. The estimated seismic moment of the observed events was in the range 105–107 N·m (−2.7 〈 M 〈 −1.3). According to a theoretical model (Talebi et al., 1998) and in situ observations, the seismic source corresponding to casing failure events should be well described by a dipole registering seismic moment in the order of 2 · 106 N·m. Seismic signals of a total of four observed casing failures were analyzed. The partial failures produced seismic moments slightly lower than this value while total failures were stronger by about one order of magnitude. The use of the SV/SH amplitude ratio, in conjunction with accurate source locations, provided a robust technique for the detection of casing failures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050193
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Seismic Model of Casing Failure in Oil Fields (1998)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 153 (1998), S. 197-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Casing failure, oil sands, seismic modelling, steam stimulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —We develop a seismic model that characterises the sudden tensional failure of oil-well casings. The energy released by the rupture of a well casing is transformed into heat and seismic energy. The upper bound of the seismic efficiency of this process is estimated at about 3%. The static situation at the completion of a casing failure episode is modelled by calculating the static displacement field generated by two opposing forces separated by an arm. The azimuthal patterns of these displacements and the change in the strain and stress fields caused by the force couple are described. The dynamics of the failure episode are modelled as a dipole with a seismic moment equivalent to the product of the average drop in shear stress, the failure surface, and an arm. The radiated P and S waves have mean-square radiation pattern coefficients of 1/5 for P waves and 2/15 for S waves. The displacement field as a function of time during rupture and the spectral properties in the far field are derived. The most promising seismic parameters that can be used for distinguishing between casing failure events and other possible events are polarisation properties of S waves and S/P amplitude ratios. S-wave polarisation distinguishes between shear events and casing failure events. S/P amplitude ratios distin guish between tensile events and casing failure events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050192
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of mining-induced microseismic events at Strathcona Mine, Subdury, Canada (1989)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 129 (1989), S. 455-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mining-induced events ; seismic monitoring ; focal mechanism ; source parameters ; Strathcona hard rock mine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rockbursts and mining-induced seismic events have serious socio-economic consequences for the Canadian mining industry, as their mines are extended to greater depths. Automatic multichannel monitoring systems (Electro-Lab MP250s) are routinely, used to detect the arrival times of seismic waves radiated by mining-induced events and sensed on an array of single component transducers installed throughout a mine. These arrival times are then used to locate the events and produce maps of areas of high activity for use in mine planning and design. This approach has limitations in that, it does not allow a detailed analysis of source mechanisms, which could be extracted if whole waveform signals are recorded and analyzed. A major research project, sponsored by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) with the collaboration of the Canadian mining industry, is aimed at enhancing existing mine seismic monitoring technology in Canada, in order to carry out more advanced processing of data to obtain fundamental scientific information on mining-induced seismic events This paper describes preliminary results from seismic monitoring experiments carried out in a hard rock nickel mine in Sudbury, Canada. Existing seismic monitoring instrumentation was enhanced with a low cost microcomputer-based whole waveform seismic acquisition system. Some of the signals recorded during this experiment indicate anisotropic wave propagation through the mine rock masses, as observed by the splitting of shear waves and the relative arrival of two shear waves polarized in directions which may be related to the structural fabric and/or state of stress in the rock mass. Analysis of compressional wave first motion shows the predominance of shear events, as indicated by focal mechanism studies and is confirmed by spectral analysis of the waveforms. The source parameters were estimated fro typical low magnitude localized microseismic events during the initial monitoring experiments. The seismic moment of these events varied between 106 N.m and 2.108 N.m. with a circular source radius of between 1 m and 2 m with an estimated stress drop of the order of 1 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874519
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