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    Public health. Pandemic H1N1 and the 2009 Hajj (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ebrahim, Shahul H -- Memish, Ziad A -- Uyeki, Timothy M -- Khoja, Tawfik A M -- Marano, Nina -- McNabb, Scott J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):938-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1183210. Epub 2009 Oct 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Sbe2@cdc.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Child ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Hygiene ; *Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/supply & distribution ; Influenza, Human/complications/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission ; *Islam ; Male ; Mass Vaccination ; Population Surveillance ; Pregnancy ; Public Health Practice ; Quarantine ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; *Travel ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Osmotic spreading of Bacillus subtilis biofilms driven by an extracellular matrix [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: Bacterial biofilms are organized communities of cells living in association with surfaces. The hallmark of biofilm formation is the secretion of a polymeric matrix rich in sugars and proteins in the extracellular space. In Bacillus subtilis, secretion of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) component of the extracellular matrix is genetically coupled to the inhibition of flagella-mediated motility. The onset of this switch results in slow expansion of the biofilm on a substrate. Different strains have radically different capabilities in surface colonization: Flagella-null strains spread at the same rate as wild type, while both are dramatically faster than EPS mutants. Multiple functions have been attributed to the EPS, but none of these provides a physical mechanism for generating spreading. We propose that the secretion of EPS drives surface motility by generating osmotic pressure gradients in the extracellular space. A simple mathematical model based on the physics of polymer solutions shows quantitative agreement with experimental measurements of biofilm growth, thickening, and spreading. We discuss the implications of this osmotically driven type of surface motility for nutrient uptake that may elucidate the reduced fitness of the matrix-deficient mutant strains.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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