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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Keywords: Evolution (Biology). ; Zoology. ; Anatomy, Comparative. ; Physiology. ; Ecophysiology. ; Materials. ; Bionics. ; Evolutionary Biology. ; Zoology. ; Animal Anatomy. ; Animal Physiology. ; Ecophysiology. ; Bioinspired Materials.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Concept of Convergent Evolution and Its Relationship to the Understanding of Form and Function -- Odonatopteran Approaches to the Challenges of Flight: Convergence of Responses Subject to a Common Set of Morphological Constraints -- Digging Up Convergence in Fossorial Rodents: Insights into Burrowing Activity and Morpho-Functional Specializations of the Masticatory Apparatus -- Testing for Convergent Evolution in Baleen Whale Cochleae -- The Sacro-Iliac Joint of the Felidae and Canidae and Their Large Ungulate Prey: An Example of Divergence and Convergence -- Aquatic Feeding in Lissamphibia -- Convergence of Aquatic Feeding Modes in the Sauropsida (Crocodiles, Birds, Lizards, Snakes And, Turtles) -- Convergent Evolution of Secondarily Aquatic Feeding in Mammals -- Solutions to a Sticky Problem: Convergence of the Adhesive Systems of Geckos and Anoles (Reptilia: Squamata) -- Convergent Evolution of Animal Adhesive Pads -- Convergence of Arboreal Locomotor Specialization: Morphological and Behavioral Solutions for Movement on Narrow and Compliant Supports -- Convergent Evolution of Manual and Pedal Grasping Capabilities in Tetrapods -- Convergence in Gliding Animals: Morphology, Behavior, and Mechanics -- Convergence of Bipedal Locomotion: Why Walk or Run on Only Two Legs -- Aquatic Locomotion: Environmental Constraints That Drive Convergent Evolution -- Convergent Evolution of Attachment Mechanisms in Aquatic Animals -- Convergent Evolution: Theory and Practice for Bioinspiration -- Conclusion and Perspectives: What Convergent Evolution of Animal Forms and Functions Says About the Predictability of Evolution.
    Abstract: This volume presents a series of case studies, at different levels of inclusivity, of how organisms exhibit functional convergence as a key evolutionary mechanism resulting in responses to similar environmental constraints in mechanically similar ways. The contributors to this volume have selected and documented cases of convergent evolution of form and function that are perceived to be driven by environmental abiotic and/or biotic challenges that fall within their areas of expertise. Collectively these chapters explore this phenomenon across a broad phylogenetic spectrum. The sequence of chapters follows the organizational principle of increasing phylogenetic inclusivity, rather than the clustering of chapters by perceived similarity of the phenotypic features or biomechanical challenges being considered. This is done to maintain focus on the evolutionary phenomenon that is the primary subject matter of the book, thereby providing a basis for discussion among the readership about what is necessary and sufficient to justify the recognition of functional convergence. All chapters stress the need for integrative approaches for the elucidation of both pattern and process as they relate to convergence at various taxonomic levels.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: X, 594 p. 156 illus., 116 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023.
    ISBN: 9783031114410
    Series Statement: Fascinating Life Sciences,
    DDC: 576.8
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    UCL Press | UCL Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The debate over whether class size matters for teaching and learning is one of the most enduring, and aggressive, in education research. Teachers often insist that small classes benefit their work. But many experts argue that evidence from research shows class size has little impact on pupil outcomes, so does not matter, and this dominant view has informed policymaking internationally. Here, the lead researchers on the world’s biggest study into class size effects present a counter-argument. Through detailed analysis of the complex relations involved in the classroom they reveal the mechanisms that support teachers’ experience, and conclude that class size matters very much indeed. Drawing on 20 years of systematic classroom observations, surveys of practitioners, detailed case studies and extensive reviews of research, Peter Blatchford and Anthony Russell contend that common ways of researching the impact of class size are limited and sometimes misguided. While class size may have no direct effect on pupil outcomes, it has, they say, significant force through interconnections with classroom processes. In describing these connections, the book opens up the everyday world of the classroom and shows that the influence of class size is everywhere. It impacts on teaching, grouping practices and classroom management, the quality of peer relations, tasks given to pupils, and on the time teachers have for marking, assessments and understanding the strengths and challenges for individual pupils. From their analysis, the authors develop a new social pedagogical model of how class size influences work, and identify policy conclusions and implications for teachers and schools. ‘This book is sorely needed. It is evidence based, it is comprehensive, it is engaging, and it will add immeasurably to the debates and literature.’ John Hattie, Laureate Professor, Melbourne Graduate School of Education
    Keywords: education ; class size ; learning ; teaching ; classroom processes ; special educational needs ; classroom management ; curriculum ; peer relations ; SEN ; educational policy ; assessment ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 249 (1974), S. 43-45 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Old surviving mice have a high frequency of lympho-mata6'7. Many of these are transferable to other mouse strains, but autoimmune phenomena are not associated with these6-8. It has not been possible to reliably transmit the disease to other strains with a cell-free filtrate nor indeed with whole ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443 (2006), S. 863-866 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The minor spliceosome is a ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyses the removal of an atypical class of spliceosomal introns (U12-type) from eukaryotic messenger RNAs. It was first identified and characterized in animals, where it was found to contain several unique RNA constituents that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Squamata Amphisbaenia or Annulata Sineoamphisbaena hexatabularis gen. et sp. nov. Etymology. The generic name refers to China and to the primitive, less specialized morphology of the new species; the specific name refers to the hexagonal interorbital skull table. Holotype. IVPP V10593-1, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Key words: Atomic natural orbitals ; Vibrational averaging ; Gaussian basis sets ; Electric moments ; Dipole polarizability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract.  Using established methods based on correlated atomic natural orbitals (ANOs), sets of contracted polarization functions are derived for use in calculations of atomic and molecular electrical properties (especially electric moments, dipole polarizabilities and related property hypersurfaces). Through test calculations on Ne, Ar, NH3 and CO2, these polarization functions are shown to reproduce the accuracy of larger basis sets, to incorporate dynamical electron correlation effects and are economical to use in conjunction with sophisticated electron-correlation treatments. We also show how triple-zeta polarized ANO and double-zeta polarized ANO basis sets are constructed from these contracted polarization functions for use in the calculation of reliable zero-point vibrational averages of electrical properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Subdigital adhesive pads play an important role in the locomotion of many species of gekkonid lizards. These pads consist of integrated components derived from the epidermis, dermis, vascular system, subcuticular tendons, and phalanges. These components become intimately associated with each other during the developmental differentiation of the digits and the sequence of this integration is outlined herein in Ptyodactylus guttatus. The pads initially appear as paired swellings at the distal tips of the digits. Subsequently, a fan-like array of naked scansors develops on the ventral surface of each digit, at about the same time that scales differentiate over the surface of the foot as a whole. At the time of appearance of the naked scansors, the vascular sinus system of the pad also differentiates, along with subcuticular connective tissue specializations. At this stage the digits, along with the rest of the body, are clad in an embryonic periderm. Only after hatching and as the periderm is shed, do the epidermal setae and spines appear. The developmental sequence described here is consistent with predictions previously advanced about the evolutionary origin and elaboration of subdigital pads in gekkonid lizards. The paucity of available staged embryonic material leaves many questions unresolved.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 293-323 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vascular system of the digits of the tokay is more complex than has hitherto been suspected and has a configuration which suggests it is intimately involved in the process of adhesion. Distinction can be made between lamellae (expanded scales beneath the proximal portion of the digit) and scansors (elaborations of lamellae that contain a large amount of subdermal material and therefore do not technically qualify as scales). Such a distinction is made on anatomical grounds and can be appreciated only if anatomical investigation is carried out. There are no externally obvious features by which lamellae and scansors can be distinguished, except position. Scansors are found beneath hyperextensible phalanges, whereas lamellae are located more proximally and are not subjected to digital hyperextension during locomotion. Whether this distinction can be applied to other pad-bearing geckos and to anoline lizards remains to be seen.The large sinus beneath the penultimate phalanx appears to govern the pressure within the system; the reticular blood systems of the scansors appear to manifest the pressure changes with respect to the locomotor substratum. Changes in pressure within the system probably permit the overlapping scansors to comply precisely with each other and with the substratum. The presence of a system based on fluid pressure differentials means that scansors are deformable along multiple axes at any one time, thus permitting a high degree of compliance with their entire surroundings. It is probable that changes in pressure within the system promote release from the substratum as well as compliance with and attachment to it. The mechanism of control of the system awaits further investigation.The pattern of the digital vascular complex has been considered in relation to the mode of operation of the digits during locomotion. Distal drainage of the sinus is ideally suited to the activity of hyperextension of the digits. This combination permits sequential pressurizing and depressurizing of the scansors and allows the bond to be created or broken in a gradual fashion rather than in an all-or-none manner. By avoiding sudden shifts in the pattern of dynamic loading (the bond is not broken instantaneously but sequentially), the risk of transverse instability during locomotion is lessened. The increase of loading on the other feet is thus gradual. The importance of this is discussed more fully elsewhere in a consideration of the structure and function of scansors. That the digits of the tokay are hyperextended during horizontal as well as vertical locomotion (Russell, '75, p. 463) can now be rationalized not only from the point of view of protection of the setae but also because of the manner in which the vascular system of the digits functions and is drained.
    Additional Material: 42 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 221-240 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paraphalanges of gekkonid lizards are cartilaginous structures associated with interphalangeal joints. Their form and structure have been investigated by dissection, cleared-and-stained specimens, routine histoloty, and radiography. A family-wide survey revealed that paraphalangeal elements occur in at least 57 species in 16 genera of the subfamily Gekkoninae. The distribution and structure of these elements suggests multiple origins among gekkonine geckos. In most instances, they are present in species with expanded subdigital climbing pads, divided scansors, and a markedly raised penultimate phalanx that is elevated from, or free of, the pad. Thus, they seem to be associated with placement of the scansors onto the locomotor substrate. In two genera, Uroplatus and Palmatogecko, paraphalanges at the more proximal interphalangeal joints are associated with muscles that run between them. In these cases, the paraphalanges appear to be involved in grasping abilities of the foot associated with digging and climbing modifications.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The lungs of the New Caldeonian gecko Rhacodactylus leachianus were examined by means of gross dissection and light and electron microscopy. This tropical species, which is the largest living gecko, possesses two simple, single-chambered lungs. Right and left lungs are of similar size and shape. The lung volume (27.2 ml · 100 g-1) is similar to that of the tokay (Gekko gecko) but differs in that the gas exchange tissue is approximately homogeneously distributed, and the parenchymal units (ediculae) are very large, ∼2 mm in diameter. The parenchymal depth varies according to the location in the lung, being deepest near the middle of the lung and shallowest caudally. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal an unusual distribution of ciliated cells in patches on the edicular walls as well as on the trabeculae. Secretory cell are very numerous, particularly in the bronchial epithelium, where they greatly outnumber the ciliated cells. The secretory cells form a morphological continuum characterized by small secretory droplets apically and large vacuoles basally. This continuum includes cells resembling type II pneumocytes but which are devoid of lamellar bodies. Type I pneumocytes similar to those of other reptiles cover the respiratory capillaries, where they form a thin, air-blood barrier together with the capillary endothelial cells and the fused basement laminae. The innervation, musculature, and vascular distribution in R. leachianus are also characterized. Apparent simplification of the lungs in this taxon may be related to features of its sluggish habits, whereas peculiarities of cell tissue composition may reflect demands of its mesic habitat.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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