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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single and double isotope labeling of social insect colonies: Gamma-emitting radionuclides as individually identifiable markers (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: termite ; radionuclide label ; gamma spectroscopy ; trophallaxis ; social food flow ; isotope marking techniques ; Reticulitermes flavipes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des radionucléides γ ont été utilisés seuls ou en combinaison par 2 pour marquer des individus de colonies de Reticulitermes flavipes. Chaque radionucléide possède ses caractères spectraux. Avec un spectroscope γ très sensible, pouvant contenir l'insecte entier, il est possible d'identifier les ‘signatures’ spectrales de chaque isotope et les quantités relatives de chacun d'eux chez les ouvriers, les larves brachyptères et les ailés. Les radionucléides présents dans le papier consommé sont rapidement incorporés chez les ouvriers, et atteignent le seuil de détection en 1 à 3 jours. Le marquage isotopique se transmet entre les membres de la colonie; tous les habitants de colonies de laboratorie ont été contaminés en 21 jours, après des contacts avec des individus alimentés sur une source marquée. Les marqueurs isotopiques avec 1 ou 2 radionucléides sont transférés aux sexués par les échanges trophallaxiques. La discussion porte sur les applications du marquage aux radionucléides et l'analyse au spectroscope γ en écologie éthologique des insectes.
    Notes: Abstract Gamma-emitting radionuclides were used in single and double-isotope combinations to label individual colonies of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes Kol. Each of these radionuclides produces a characteristic and identifiable energy spectrum upon decay, and using whole-body gamma spectroscopy, the characteristic spectral emission ‘signatures’ of each isotope and their relative quantities were detected in workers, brachypterous nymphs, and alates. Radionuclides present in a food source were rapidly incorporated into workers, and reached detection limits within one to three days. Isotopic labels were transferable between colony members, and all individuals in laboratory colonies were labeled within 21 days of initial contact with foragers that had fed at a labeled food source. Single- and double-label nuclide markers were transferred to sexual forms (prealates and alates) by social food flow. Applications of radionuclide labeling and gamma spectroscopic analysis in insect behavioral ecology are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163357
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal polyethism in incipient colonies of the primitive termiteZootermopsis angusticollis: A single multiage caste (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 237-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: social behavior ; polyethism ; termite ; caste evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Division of labor was studied in incipient colonies of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollisby recording repertoire size, behavior frequencies, and time budgets of larvae. Behavioral repertoire size increased with age: first- and secondinstar larvae were mainly inactive, whereas larvae of the third through seventh instars performed 64–100% of all tasks. The increase in repertoire size from the second to the third instar was abrupt; repertoire size and composition remained more or less constant for older instars. No correlation between age (instars III–VII) and tasks was identified, suggesting that colony labor is performed by a single functional caste that spans the third to the seventh instar without any age-based division of labor. Small colony size, low oviposition rate, simple nest architecture, a lack of spatial association of tasks, and the potential for attaining reproductive status appear to be associated with the lack of age-related behavioral specialization in Z. angusticollis.In effect, the absence of temporal polyethism in this species is likely a consequence of its nesting habits and physiological and developmental constraints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051507
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biparental care in incipient colonies of the dampwood termiteZootermopsis angusticollis Hagen (Isoptera: Termopsidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 633-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: termite ; parental care ; polyethism ; social behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parental care and division of labor in male and female primary reproductives in incipient colonies of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticolliswere studied by recording repertory sizes, behavior frequencies, time budgets, and transition probabilities of acts. Repertory sizes for males and females were identical, and behaviors were performed at similar frequencies. Time budget data also suggested equal participation in parental care by both sexes. Transition probability analysis suggested that males and females did not organize their behavior in roles. We therefore found no indication of sex-based division of labor during colony foundation and the incipient stages of colony growth. The lack of behavioral specialization may be due to the fact that acts might be related and/or have more than one function, and different tasks are not spatially associated. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that monogamous mating systems in termites involve mate assistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048075
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunity in a Social Insect (1999)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 588-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  Although pathogens appear to have exerted significant selective pressure on various aspects of sociality, mechanisms of disease resistance in the social insects are poorly understood. We report here on an immune response to infection by the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis. Nymphs immunized with an injection of 7.6×107, 7.6×105, or 7.6×104 cells/ml glutaraldehyde-killed solution of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa had significantly higher survivorship than controls following a challenge with a lethal concentration of active bacteria. Similarly, nymphs exposed to a 9×10–1 spores/ml suspension of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae had higher survivorship than controls after a challenge with a lethal concentration of spores. Prior exposure to a pathogen thus conferred upon termites a degree of protection during a subsequent encounter with the same pathogen. This represents the first demonstration of immune function in vivo in a social insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050679
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory Effect of Termite Fecal Pellets on Fungal Spore Germination (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1697-1706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Termite ; fungal pathogen ; Zootermopsis angusticollis ; Metarhizium anisopliae ; disease ; spore germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis lines nest chambers and galleries with fecal pellets. The antifungal properties of feces were tested by recording germination rates of spores of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae that had been incubated with various concentrations of fecal material. The presence of fecal pellet material significantly decreased the germination rates of spores relative to those of control spore solutions lacking fecal material. Spore germination rates were inversely proportional to the amount of fecal matter present in the spore–feces suspensions but were independent of incubation time. The fungistatic effect of the fecal material is virtually immediate and does not require prolonged contact with spores to inhibit germination. This mechanism of biochemical protection may reduce risks of fungal infection in termite nests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020872729671
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disease resistance: a benefit of sociality in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera: Termopsidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 44 (1998), S. 125-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Termite  ;  Disease  ;  Social behavior  ; Zootermopsis angusticollis  ;  Metarhizium anisopliae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The benefit of sociality in relation to disease susceptibility was studied in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Although contact with high concentrations of fungal conidia is lethal, the survivorship of nymphs exposed to spore suspensions ranging from 6 × 106 to 2 × 108 spores/ml of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae increased with group size. The survivorship (measured as LT50) of isolated individuals ranged from 3.0 to 4.8 days, but infected nymphs living in groups of 10 and 25 individuals survived significantly longer (5.6–8.3 and 5.6–9.1 days, respectively). In most cases, there were no significant differences in the survival distributions of the 10- and 25-termite groups. When nymphs were infected with concentrations of 7 × 101–7 × 104 spores/ml and allowed to interact with healthy nestmates, fungal infections were not contracted by the unexposed termites. Moreover, infected termites benefitted from social contact with unexposed nestmates: their survival rates were significantly higher than those of infected termites living with similarly infected nestmates. Allogrooming, which increased in frequency during and after exposure to conidia, appeared to remove potentially infectious spores from the cuticle, thus increasing termite survivorship. These results suggest that allogrooming plays a crucial role in the control of disease and its death hazard in termites. The infection-reducing advantage of group living may have been significant in the evolution of social behavior in the Isoptera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050523
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of Fungal Spore Germination by Nasutitermes: Evidence for a Possible Antiseptic Role of Soldier Defensive Secretions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 21-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disease ; social behavior ; fungistatic ; limonene ; α-pinene ; Nasutitermes costalis ; Nasutitermes nigriceps ; Metarhizium anisopliae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antifungal property of two of the principal components of the terpenoid frontal gland secretions of nasute termite soldiers was studied by incubating spore suspensions of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae with α-pinene and limonene singly or in combination at different concentrations. In vitro assays showed that these substances reduced spore germination through direct and indirect (vapor) contact. To determine if the frontal gland secretions protected termites from fungal infection in vivo, the effect of M. anisopliae on the time course of survival of Nasutitermes costalis and N. nigriceps was studied by exposing termites to either a 4.3 × 107 spores/ml or a control sporeless suspension. The caste composition of experimental groups was manipulated to create mixed-caste subcolonies and monocaste groups. Relative to Coptotermes formosanus, a species that relies on the mechanical defenses of soldiers, N. costalis and N. nigriceps were less susceptible to fungal infection. Spore-exposed N. costalis and N. nigriceps termites had 1.2 times the hazard ratio of death of controls, while the hazard ratio of death of spore-exposed C. formosanus was 11.4 times that of controls. Although the lower susceptibility to infection in Nasutitermes may be explained in part by the antifungal properties of α-pinene and limonene, group composition also played a major role in the survival of spore-exposed termites. Mixed-caste and soldier monocaste groups had 3.4 and 4.7 times the hazard ratio of death, respectively, relative to the worker monocaste treatment. These results suggest that although Nasutitermes terpenoid secretions may have antifungal properties, the caste composition of groups and the social interactions of termites also play a role in determining susceptibility to fungal infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005481209579
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  • 8
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    Nest architecture, activity pattern, worker density and the dynamics of disease transmission in social insects (2004)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-5193
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-8541
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
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    Discovery of a Novel Wolbachia Supergroup in Isoptera (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-25
    Print ISSN: 0343-8651
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0991
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Symbiont-derived β-1,3-glucanases in a social insect: mutualism beyond nutrition (2014)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-21
    Electronic ISSN: 1664-302X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Frontiers Media
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