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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    JOINING AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN NONSOCIAL INSECTS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001), S. 631-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Groups of two or more consexual conspecific adults of many kinds of nonsocial insects have been observed to form at feeding, mating, ovipositional, or sheltering sites. Conversely, adults of these same insects have been observed to avoid joining consexual conspecifics (or their progeny) and to place themselves (or their progeny) at some distance that results in spacing. Examples from various taxa illustrate that mechanisms underlying joining or avoidance behavior differ among species, as do types of benefits and costs to individuals who decide to join or avoid others. Moreover, within a given species, the decision to join or avoid others can be affected markedly by the physiological and informational state of the individual and by contextual response thresholds to resource availability. Decisions that benefit the individual may or may not affect the group in terms of total reproductive output.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.631
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A general theory for host seeking decisions in mosquitoes (1992)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 401-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We develop a theory for host seeking decisions in mosquitoes that explicitly considers the tradeoffs mosquitoes face in allocation to somatic and gametic function. Specifically, we consider conditions under which mosquitoes should seek out nectar and blood hosts upon encountering host odours. Results from development of a dynamic model that considers free and crop energy states suggest that mosquitoes should seek out blood hosts under a wide variety of conditions but that decisions to seek nectar depends upon crop volume, concentration and free energy. This pattern arises because mosquitoes carrying large crop loads are constrained in their ability to obtain large blood meals due to space limitations in the abdomen. The predicted patterns of behaviour are supported by published observations of mosquito behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464840
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catching Ariadne by her thread: how a parasitoid exploits the herbivore's marking trails to locate its host (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: parasitoid host location ; marking pheromone ; contact kairomone ; directed search ; Rhagoletis basiola ; Halticoptera rosae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical signals that can be associated with the presence of a host insect often work as arrestants in close range host location by parasitoids, leading to longer searching times on patches where such signals are present. Our current view of parasitoid host location is that by prolonging the search times in patches, randomly searching parasitoids enhance their chance of detecting host insects. However, prolonged search times are not necessarily the only modification in parasitoid behaviour. In this study, we examine the exploitation of host-fruit marking pheromone of rose-hip flies, Rhagoletis basiolaOsten-Sacken (Diptera: Tephritidae) by the specialized egg-larval parasitoid Halticoptera rosae Burks (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). We provide evidence that the instantaneous probability that a host egg will be located by a searching parasitoid wasp differs markedly between pheromone-marked and unmarked fruits. The arresting response to the marking pheromone, i.e., the prolonged time a wasp is willing to search on marked fruits, can only account for a small fraction of the difference in successful host location on marked and unmarked fruits. We further demonstrate that the time wasps require to locate the host egg is independent of the size of the rose-hip harbouring the fly egg, and thus is independent of the area the wasp potentially has to search. A comparison of our findings with results of different search algorithms for parasitoid wasps suggests that wasps use the fly's pheromone marking trail as a guide way to the fly's oviposition site and thus the host egg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003954419004
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vive la variance: a functional oviposition theory for insect herbivores (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; strategy ; catastrophe ; theory ; clutch ; Lepidoptera ; optimization ; dynamic ; bet hedging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed state-dependent life-history theory to explain the variance in clutch size decisions made by insect herbivores under a variety of ecological scenarios. An important aspect of our theory is explicit representation of the distribution of host quality and frequency of occurrence. Examination of the theory suggests that clutch size decisions can be highly non-linear with respect to host quality and variability. We then use our theory to explore the potential for bet-hedging strategies to evolve as a function of unpredictable catastrophic events that decimate entire clutches. Our analysis suggests that the benefits to employing such a strategy will frequently be outweighed by costs brought on by delayed oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003622703384
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual behaviour and population dynamics: lessons from aphid parasitoids (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid ; biological control ; Nicholson–Bailey ; parasitoid ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An increasing number of researchers are studying behaviour in the hopes of understanding population dynamics or improving biological control efforts of insect pests by natural enemies. However, it is unclear exactly how behavioural studies will improve our understanding of these population level processes. In this paper we argue that in order to understand population level processes, the problem must be approached from a population biology perspective. A comprehensive understanding of certain behaviours will provide little towards our understanding of host-natural enemy interactions. For example, using an aphid-parasitoid model, we examined the effect that a commonly studied behaviour, variance in host selection by aphid parasitoids, has on aphid-parasitoid population dynamics. Differential host selection does not qualitatively alter classic Nicholson-Bailey dynamics, but only results in quantitative differences in aphid-parasitoid population sizes. Irrespective of the degree of aphid instar preference, a large increase in the number of aphids is followed by a large increase in the number of parasitoids, decimating the aphid population. Thus, studying some behaviours, such as variance in host selection, will not contribute substantially to an understanding of aphid-parasitoid population dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004065423227
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do Larger Fruits Provide a Partial Refuge for Rose-Hip Flies Against Parasitoids? (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: antipredator strategies ; Halticoptera rosae ; parasitoid foraging ; refuge ; Rhagoletis basiola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The preference of insect herbivores to oviposit into larger structures might be explained by the superior food resource a larger structure offers to herbivore offspring or as an adaptive strategy by the herbivore to protect its offspring against parasitoids, should larger structures provide a partial refuge against parasitoids. We investigated whether larger fruits provide a partial refuge for rose-hip fly (Rhagoletis basiola) offspring against the specialist parasitoid Halticoptera rosae. We tested whether female parasitoids exhibit a preference to land on larger rose-hips into which females of the host fly prefer to oviposit and whether parasitoids are less successful in locating host eggs on large, compared to small, fruits. Female parasitoids showed no clear preference for larger fruits. When searching fruits, they were about equally successful in locating fly eggs on large and small fruits, with a slight, though nonsignificant trend for fly offspring in large fruits to be located more easily. Furthermore, wasps did not require more time to locate host eggs on large fruits than on small fruits, suggesting a nonrandom searching behavior. Consequently, large rose-hips do not provide a partial refuge to fly offspring and the preference of flies to oviposit into larger fruits cannot be explained as an adaptation against parasitoid searching efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020906521745
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Has the Attraction of Predatory Coccinellids to Cornicle Droplets Constrained Aphid Alarm Signaling Behavior? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 321-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: kairomone ; searching ; predator–prey interactions ; pheromone ; E-B-farnesene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When attacked by a predator, aphids of many species secrete cornicle droplets, containing an alarm pheromone, that results in the dispersal of nearby conspecifics. As females are parthenogenetic, alarm signaling functions to enhance the survival of clone-mates. Enigmatically, however, aphids are physically able to, but usually do not emit alarm pheromone when initially detecting a predator, but rather signal only when captured by a predator. We hypothesized that cornicle droplets may be attractive to natural enemies and result in an increased risk of predation for the signaler, thereby selecting for prudent alarm signalers. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the olfactory cues that the multicolored Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, uses to locate pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum. In choice tests, H. axyridis were attracted to odors from pea aphid colonies, whether feeding or not feeding on a host plant leaf, but were not attracted to cornicle droplets containing alarm pheromone. Further, individual pea aphids emitting cornicle droplets were not located more often or in a shorter period of time by beetles than aphids not emitting cornicle droplets. Thus, the cost of emitting early alarm signals is not prohibitively high in regards to the attraction of predators such as H. axyridis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007754000862
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Model of Mutual Tolerance and the Origin of Communal Associations Between Unrelated Females (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 265-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: communal breeding ; game theory ; genetic algorithm ; mutual tolerance ; Nicrophorus ; reproductive skew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We use a genetic algorithm model employing game theory to explore the ecological conditions favoring reproductive tolerance between two unrelated females that meet at a nesting site (i.e., breeding resource). Each female adopts one of three strategies: (1) fight for exclusive use of the nest, (2) tolerate the other female and breed communally, but fight back if attacked, or (3) leave in search of new breeding opportunities. Nests vary in the number of offspring they can support and their probability of failure due to discovery by competitors. The model predicts that communal associations are most likely to arise when (1) the benefits of nest sharing to females exceed the losses to individual reproduction, (2) additional nesting sites are rare, (3) females have limited clutch sizes, and (4) dominant females are able to skew reproduction in their favor. The amount of reproductive skew a dominant (larger) female can acquire while maintaining a communal association is predicted to increase when the asymmetry in fighting ability between females increases, and at nests that have a relatively high probability of nesting success for solitary females. When the losers of fights can parasitize the winner's brood, dominant females must reduce reproductive skew to promote a communal relationship. We discuss the ability of our model to predict patterns of facultative communal behavior in burying beetles (Silphidae; Nicrophorus spp.), as well as the absence of communal behavior in dung beetles (Scarabaeidae).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021052125128
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors governing host discrimination byOpius dimidiatus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host discrimination ; superparasitism ; parasitoid ; Opius dimidiatus ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The detection of, and response to, parasitized hosts by female parasitoids can involve a number of complex phenomena, including the ability of females to discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized hosts, the physiological state of females, and the nature and longevity of the cues they are detecting. The discriminatory ability of Opius dimidiatus,a solitary endoparasitoid of Liriomyza trifoliiwas examined. Experiments showed, first, that when presented with a choice of unparasitized hosts and hosts which they had previously parasitized, O. dimidiatusfemales could discriminate between them, both upon encounter (before probing) and after probing with the ovipositor. It was further demonstrated that the detection of parasitized hosts was time dependent: females could discriminate on the basis of antennal examination for up to 2.5 h after the first egg was laid. Postprobing discrimination lasted for up to 3.5 h. Some of the causal and evolutionary factors resulting in superparasitism are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049144
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition deterring pheromone influences dispersal distance in tephritid fruit flies (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhagoletis pomonella ; oviposition deterring pheromone ; foraging ; flight ; flight mill ; fruit parasite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La réponse d'insectes à leurs phéromones de dissuasion (ODP) est examinée généralement à un seul niveau de prospection, c'est-à-dire celui de la ressource individuelle elle-même. Ces marqueurs chimiques peuvent, cependant, fournir aussi des informations au prospecteur sur la disponibilité en ressources, tant au niveau de l'inflorescence qu'au niveau de l'habitat. Une telle information influence vraisemblablement le comportement de prospection à différents niveaux. Dans cette note, nous vérifions l'hypothèse que la rencontre avec des hôtes marqués par ODP influence la tendance de Rhagoletis pomonella (Dipt: Tephrit) à entreprendre des vols importants (c'est-à-dire interhabitats). Nous avons montré dans des expériences de laboratoire que les femelles lors de trois rencontres consécutives avec des fruits marqués par ODP: 1) entreprenaient plus fréquemment (19 cas sur 81 contre 6 sur 81) un vol à longue distance (c'est-à-dire ≥1000 m) et 2) parcourient des distances moyennes supérieures à celles couvertes par des femelles ayant eu la possibilité de prospecter successivement trois fruits propres (sans ODP). Nous engageons le lecteur à examiner nos résultats d'un point de vue qualitatif. Nous ne pouvons nous attendre à ce qu'un vol à longue distance se produise aussi facilement dans la nature qu'au laboratoire, étant donné le plus grand nombre de variables (par exemple, la taille de l'arbre) qui peuvent y modifier le vol réel. Pour terminer, nous discutons les coûts et bénéfices potentiels qui peuvent résulter de ce comportement.
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that Rhagoletis pomonella females exhibit a greater propensity for engaging in long distance (i.e.≥1000 m) flight following encounters with egg-infested oviposition-deterring-pheromone (ODP) marked host fruit than similar females that encounter uninfested, clean (i.e. no ODP) fruit. Female flies which were first tethered to flight mills were presented with and permitted to explore (a) ODP-marked or (b) clean fruit and then stimulated to fly. Results showed that females that had encountered a high rate of infested, ODP-marked fruit displayed long distance flight more frequently and flew greater average distances than females that had searched uninfested fruit. We discuss there results in light of contemporary foraging theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369135
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