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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterizing termite assemblages in fragmented forests: A test case in the Argentinian Chaco (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 29 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Termites are major decomposers in tropical ecosystems. To characterize their assemblages in terms of taxonomical and functional composition, Jones and Eggleton (2000, Journal of Applied Ecology 37, 191–203) recently proposed a standardized sampling protocol based on belt transects of 100 m × 2 m. We evaluated the representativeness of samples obtained by this protocol, and its suitability to calculate diversity statistics, by replicating it in an area of naturally fragmented subtropical forest. We sampled six 100 m transects in separate small forest islets, and one transect extended to 500 m in a large islet, recording presence/absence data (occurrences) of termite species in successive quadrats of 5 m × 2 m. In the large islet, strips of 100 m within the 500 m transect produced extremely variable species richness figures. This variability was primarily due to heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of soil-dwelling termites. Combining non-contiguous quadrats allowed us to span a broader diversity of microhabitats for an equal effort, providing less variable results and faster species accumulation. Individual transects of 100 m in small forest islets yielded too few samples to allow reliable estimations of total species richness, although these transects when pooled constituted a useful data set for comparison with other sites. In the focal habitat, a single 100 m transect appeared therefore inadequate to allow a reliable characterization of the termite assemblage, even at the level of a single forest islet. To improve the rate of species accumulation and to obtain diversity statistics allowing intersite comparisons, we suggest the use of smaller, non-contiguous quadrats, and that sampling be continued until stable diversity estimates are obtained. In the habitat studied, such an alternative protocol could be adequately combined with a standardized protocol for collecting ground-dwelling ants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01403.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology, development and evolutionary significance of the working stages in the caste system of Prorhinotermes (Insecta, Isoptera) (1988)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 107 (1988), S. 339-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The existence of a worker caste in Prorhinotermes inopinatus was determined with the help of biometrical analyses and morphological observations. No dichotomy between alate and worker lines was detected among the young larval instars. Mandible sclerotization and wear show that the larvae become active by the fourth instar in mature colonies, and by the third in incipient ones. Prothoracic finger-shaped expansions characterize the most dependent larval instars. The antennal structure is the best feature for distinguishing late instars. The developmental schema is very flexible: the late larvae of stages 5 to 8 (at least) can give rise to wing-padded nymphs, to the next larval instar, to presoldiers, or most likely to neotenic reproductives as well; the wing-padded individuals (nymphs) normally moult direct to alates, but they can also undergo a regression of their wing pads and revert to worker-like individuals or differentiate into soldiers or neotenics. Slight variations in alate size and antennal morphology result from their origin in different larval instars. Whole-colony censuses revealed that the major part of the colony's work force is composed of pseudergates, i.e. late larvae that do not follow the most direct pathway to the alate. The pseudergates of Prohinotermes do not constitute a distinct worker caste irreversibly diverted from the alate developmental pathway. For this reason the caste system of Prorhinotermes is analogous to that of the Kalotermitidae and Termopsidae and much more primitive than those of the other Rhinotermitidae so far studied, Reticulitermes, Schedorhinotermes and Coptotermes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312217
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Queen replacement in the termiteMicrocerotermes papuanus (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Microcerotermes papuanus ; Termitidae ; Isoptera ; caste differentiation ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les nids deM. papuanus rendus expérimentalement orphelins, un grand nombre d'ouvriers se transforment, en une seule mue, en sexués de remplacement ergatoïdes. Les femelles se mettent à pondre au bout d'environ deux mois. Les nymphes atteignent normalement leurs derniers stades en août-septembre. A ce moment, dans les nids orphelins, certaines d'entre elles se différencient en sexués nymphoïdes. Dans les expériences de longue durée, ces nymphoïdes remplacent complètement les ergatoïdes et les femelles deviennent physogastres. Bien que rapide, le remplacement de la reine paraît coûteux pour la société du fait du grand nombre d'individus, ouvriers et nymphes, impliqués. Ceci suggère que la pression de sélection sur ce phénomène est faible chezM. papuanus, par comparaison avec des espèces sympatriques telles queN. princeps.
    Notes: Abstract In experimentally orphaned field nests ofMicrocerotermes papuanus Holmgren, 1911, large numbers of workers develop into replacement reproductives (ergatoids) in only one moult. The females become functional egg-layers after approximately two months. Nymphs normally reach the last instars in August–September; at that time, in the orphaned nests, some nymphs moult to nymphoid replacement reproductives. Over long time periods, these nymphoids completely replace the ergatoids and the females become physogastric. Although time-efficient, queen replacement seems energetically expensive for the society, suggesting that this process is under weak selective pressure inM. papuanus, compared with sympatric species such asNasutitermes princeps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579617
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Caste developmental potentialities in the termite Nasutitermes novarumhebridarum (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nasutitermes novarumhebridarum ; Termitidae ; Isoptera ; caste differentiation ; reproduction ; dispersal strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les voies de développement et le système de castes chez Nasutitermes novarumhebridarum sont conformes au schéma général du genre Nasutitermes. L'enlèvement expérimental de la reine chez N. novarumhebridarum entraîne le développement de sexués de remplacement à partir d'ouvriers (ergatoïdes), mais jamais à partir de la lignée sexuée (nymphes et ailés). La transformation de l'ouvrier en ergatoîde fonctionnel nécessite trois mues. Ce développement est plus long que ceux décrits précédemment chez d'autres termites, où deux mues sont suffisantes. Dans une société où se sont développés des ergatoïdes fonctionnels, quelques nymphes se sont transformées en individus rappelant les ouvriers. Les potentialités des castes de N. novarumhebridarum diffèrent de celles des espèces sympatriques N. princeps et N. polygynus, chez lesquelles des sexués de remplacement imaginaux pauvent être obtenus aisément. La reproduction des sociétés de N. novarumhebridarum semble s'effectuer uniquement par des ailés essaimants, qui colonisent des sources de nourriture massives, mais limitées et largement espacées, tels les troncs d'arbres morts ou endomagés. N. princeps et N. polygynus étendent fréquemment leurs territoires par le bourgeonnement de nouvelles sociétés, et exploitent des sources de bois mort variées, dispersées dans leur champ d'exploitation. Nous suggérons que les potentialités des castes chez novarumhebridarum sont adaptées pour diriger un maximum de ressources vers la production d'ailés qui se dispersent et peuvent ainsi coloniser de nouveaux sites favorables.
    Notes: Abstract The normal development pathway and caste system of Nasutitermes novarumhebridarum (N. & K. Holmgren) (Isoptera; Termitidae) conform to the general Nasutitermes pattern. Queen-removal experiments in N. novarumhebridarum resulted in the production of replacement reproductives derived from workers (ergatoids), but never from the sexual brood (nymphs and alates). Three moults are necessary to complete the tranformation from the worker to the ergatoid. This pathway is longer than those previously konwn in other termites, in which two moults are sufficient. In a colony with functional ergatoids, some nymphs gave rise to worker-like individuals. The caste potentialities of N. novarumhebridarum differ from those of the sympatric species, N. princeps and N. polygynus, in which imaginal replacement reproductives are easily obtained. Colony reproduction in N. novarumhebridarum seems to be accomplished exclusively by independent alate founders, which colinize massive, but finite and widely spaced resoures such as dead or damaged tree trunks. N. princeps and N. polygynus societies abundantly use colony budding to expand their territory, and exploit various sources of dead wood scattered over their foraging range. We suggest that N. novarumhebridarum caste potentialities are adapted to channelling a maximum of resources into the production of dispersing alates that can colonize new nest sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369190
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sesquiterpenes in the frontal gland secretions of nasute soldier termites from New Guinea (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2865-2879 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nasutitermes ; Isoptera ; defense secretion ; sesquiterpenes ; β-elemene ; β-caryophyllene ; α-humulene ; α-muurolene ; gg-selinene ; β-selinene ; germacrene-A ; gg 2-cadinene ; (5R *,7R *,10S *)-selina-4(14),11-diene ; (5R *,7R *,10S *)-selina-3,11-diene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In five New GuineaNasutitermes (N. gracilirostris, N. novarumhebridarum, N. torresi, N. triodiae, and an undescribed speciesN. sp.F), we have detected and identified 10 sesquiterpenes. Eight of these compounds (β)-elemene,β-caryophyllene,α-humulene,α-muurolene,γ-selinene,β-selinene, germacrene-A, and γ2-cadinene) were identified by GC and GC-MS (EI). Two uncommon sesquiterpenes, (5R*, 7R*, 10S*)-selina-4(14),11-diene and (5R*, 7R*, 10S*)-selina-3,11-diene, were identified by GC, GC-MS (EI, CI), GC-FTIR, and mono- and bidimensional NMR. Whereas in most species sesquiterpenes are present in low or trace amounts, inN. novarumhebridarum the sesquiterpenic fraction of soldier frontal gland secretion is equal to that of the monoterpenes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980588
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Caste-dependent reactions to soldier defensive secretion and chiral alarm/recruitment pheromone inNasutitermes princeps (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2865-2875 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nasutitermes princeps ; Isoptera ; Termitidae ; termites ; defense ; alarm recruitment ; pheromone ; α-pinene ; chirality ; polyethism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soldier frontal gland secretion ofNasutitermes princeps induces strong short-range caste-specific alarm and attraction in both soldiers and workers. Soldiers are excited and patrol the surroundings of the source. The secretion per se does not induce ejection of additional secretion. Large workers of the second stage or older are massively attracted when tested in homogeneous groups. They focus their activities much more accurately than the soldiers around the source. The workers' reaction is less intense in the presence of soldiers. Large and small workers of stage 1 scarcely react at all to the secretion, whether tested in homogeneous or mixed groups. These results suggest the following complementary roles of soldiers and workers in defense. The first line of defense is provided by soldiers, which immobilize and incapacitate mobile enemies with their sticky secretion. Defense then is completed by older large workers as they eliminate the source of disturbance. The absence of reaction of young workers, small or large, confirms previous reports on age polyethism inNasutitermes observed in other contexts: young workers tend to stay in the nest. Alarm reactions are elicited by a source of (+)-α-pinene, the major monoterpene in the secretion, while its enantiomer, almost absent from the secretion, induces a much weaker reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979479
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraspecific interactions in a community of arboreal nesting termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 799-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: intraspecific competition ; teritoriality ; agonistic behavior ; colony fusion ; Isoptera ; Termitidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In coconut plantations of northern New Guinea, the arboreal nesting termite community comprises three species:Nasutitermes princeps, N. novarumhebridarum, andMicrocerotermes biroi. In orde to assess the importance of intraspecific interactions in this community, we conducted pairwise encounters between batches of individuals in the laboratory and between entire nest populations in seminantural conditions. Three levels of agonism were defined in laboratory bioassays: anagonism, moderate agonism, and strong agonism. Anagonism was observed during all control tests with homocolonical groups and in some tests with allocolonial groups of all species. Moderate agonism included initial aggressiveness that subsequently faded out, and initially passive encounters where aggression progressively built up and led to fighting. Strong agonism corresponded to initial aggressiveness and fighting. Results obtained in alboratory bioassays were consistent with bioassays in seminatural conditions. WhenNasutitermes colonies were anagonists in laboratory bioassays, their foraging trails merged without aggression in field tests.N. princeps nests that were moderately agonistic in laboratory tests fought and either continued to avoid each other or finally joined after elimination of the most aggressive individuals. The most aggressiveM. biroi andN. princeps colonies fought and their foraging trails diverged afterward. Direct attacks on alien nests were winnessed inM. biroi. In all species, anagonism occurred in 21–34% of the combinations tested, between either geographically close or distantcolonies. An exeption was a group of 112 anagonist nests ofN. princeps, which most probably constituted a supercolony. The level of agonism betweenNasutitermes colonies was constant during the wet and dry season. Termite colonies excluded each other, both intra- and interspecifically, from the coconut trees, and their territories seem distributed in a mosaic pattern. Agonism between colonies may result in the elimination of the weakest colonies or in trail divergence, maintaining this mosaic. In cotrast, lack of agonism between some colonies suggests the possibility of colony fusion and gene exchanges without nuptial flights.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02213557
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replacement of reproductives in Nasutitermes princeps (Desneux) (Isoptera: Termitidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 18 (1986), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The production of replacement reproductives in experimentally orphaned societies was investigated in Nasutitermes princeps (Desneux). From 1 to 180 replacement queens and multiple kings, all adultoids, were found in the 13 nests that were re-collected. Normal imagos, microimagos, or a mixture of the two forms were present, depending on colony composition at the time of orphaning. In colonies with alates, the corresponding forms were found as replacement reproductives. Where only young nymphs were present, microimagos differentiated. Neither the number of queens nor their level of physogastry was correlated with the time elapsed since orphaning, but the total egg-laying rates were. We suggest that competition among queens rather than time determines individual physogastric development. Observations show that the most likely cause of accidental queen death in nature is probably nest fall from the supporting tree. Even in this case, the queen may be able to migrate to a newly rebuilt nest. An experimental simulation of this situation showed that colony migration can occur. The data indicate that the replacement of the primary queen after her accidental death cannot by itself account for the high rate of polygyny (60%) encountered in N. princeps. Two other possible causes are the replacement of the ageing foundress as a normal event of colony life, and colony reproduction by budding off new nests with adultoid reproductives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300519
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of worker-derived intercastes and precocious imagoes after queen removal in the Neo-Guinean termite Nasutitermes princeps (Desneux) (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 189 (1986), S. 281-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Numerous female workers underwent a beginning of sexualization in an experimentally orphaned colony of the Neo-Guinean termite N. princeps (Desneux). This led to the development of intercastes, displaying variable mosaics of worker, nymph, and soldier characteristics. The developmental pathways of these intercastes were studied with the help of multivariate techniques that revealed two main lines, one ending in a new “giant soldier” morph, the other proceeding toward the differentiation of nymphal characters, i.e., wing pads and compound eyes. It is not known whether these individuals might ultimately have become functional. Precocious adults resulting from a shortened nymphal course were also present, and one young replacement queen had already begun laying eggs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051890307
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epoxytetrahydroedulan, a New Terpenoid from the Hairpencils of Euploea (Lep.: Danainae) Butterflies (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1989 (1989), S. 1195-1201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Euploea ; Danainae ; Butterflies, hairpencils ; Terpenoids ; Edulan ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Epoxytetrahydroedulan, ein neues Terpenoid aus den Haarpinseln der Schmetterlinge Euploea (Lep.: Danainae)Die Hauptkomponente der flüchtigen Inhaltsstoffe der Haarpinsel männlicher Schmetterlinge der Gattung Euploea (Danainae) wurde als 9,10-Epoxytetrahydroedulan identifiziert: 1R,2S,4S,7R,10S)-1,6,6,10-Tetramethyl-
    Notes: The main component among the volatiles from hairpencils of male danaid butterflies of the genus Euploea was found to be 9,10-epoxytetrahydroedulan: (1R,2S,4S,7R, 10S)-1,6,6,10-tetramethyl-3,11-dioxatricyclo[5.4.0.02,4]undecane (12). Identification and synthesis of the compound are described. Another edulan derivative, (1R,3S,6R)-1,3,7,7-tetramethyl-2-oxabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-9-en-8-one (13) could be identified from the hairpencils of Danaus plexippus males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198919890291
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