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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ESTABLISHMENT, INHERITANCE, AND FUNCTION OF SILENCED CHROMATIN IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 481-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomes are organized into active regions known as euchromatin and inactive regions known as heterochromatin, or silenced chromatin. This review describes contemporary knowledge and models for how silenced chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae forms, functions, and is inherited. In S. cerevisiae, Sir proteins are the key structural components of silenced chromatin. Sir proteins interact first with silencers, which dictate which regions are silenced, and then with histone tails in nucleosomes as the Sir proteins spread from silencers along chromosomes. Importantly, the spreading of silenced chromatin requires the histone deacetylase activity of Sir2p. This requirement leads to a general model for the spreading and inheritance of silenced chromatin or other special chromatin states. Such chromatin domains are marked by modifications of the nucleosomes or DNA, and this mark is able to recruit an enzyme that makes further marks. Thus, among different organisms, multiple forms of repressive chromatin can be formed using similar strategies but completely different proteins. We also describe emerging evidence that mutations that cause global changes in the modification of histones can alter the balance between euchromatin and silenced chromatin within a cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161547
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homology and non-homology at the yeast mating type locus (1981)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 289 (1981), S. 250-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Four mutations of the a mating type locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been analysed to determine their relationship to the a mating type locus. Matα+ recombinants are produced by matα2−/MATa but not by matα1−/MATa ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/289250a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast cell-type regulation of DNA repair (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 397 (1999), S. 310-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The mating-type locus (MAT) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides information about whether cells are of the a or α mating type, and genes at this locus encode transcriptional regulators that determine the phenotypes associated with the different cell types. In ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/16833
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The trans action of HMRa in mating type interconversion (1980)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 180 (1980), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary HML and HMR are the sites of cryptic mating type genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the presence of the HO gene, the information from HML or HMR (an a or α cassette) is transferred to the mating type locus (MAT). HML, HMR, and MAT are located on chromosome III, yet are widely separeted. Similarly, in other yeasts, at least some of the genes involved in mating type interconversion are linked to the mating type locus. We demonstrate here that a cassette donor (HMR) and the cassette target (MAT) need not be physically linked for successful mating type interconversion. In particular, we show that HMR a on one chromosome can donate an a cassette to the mating type locus on a homologous chromosome III.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00267357
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Location of mouse and human genes corresponding to conserved canine olfactory receptor gene subfamilies (1998)
    Springer
    Mammalian genome 9 (1998), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Olfactory receptors are G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane-domain proteins that are responsible for binding odorants in the nasal epithelium. They are encoded by a large gene family, members of which are organized in several clusters scattered throughout the genomes of mammalian species. Here we describe the mapping of mouse sequences corresponding to four conserved olfactory receptor genes, each representing separate, recently identified canine gene subfamilies. Three of the four canine genes detected related gene clusters in regions of mouse Chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 9, and 10, near previously mapped mouse olfactory genes, while one detected a formerly unidentified gene cluster located on mouse Chr 6. In addition, we have localized two human gene clusters with homology to the canine gene, CfOLF4, within the established physical map of Chr 19p. Combined with recently published studies, these data link the four conserved olfactory gene subfamilies to homologous regions of the human, dog, and mouse genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003359900768
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and DNA sequence of the STE14 gene encoding farnesyl cysteine: Carboxyl methyltransferase (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 907-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We isolated a mutant defective in C-terminal farnesyl cysteine:carboxyl methyltransferase activity from a screen for mutations causing a-specific sterility. A genomic fragment was cloned from a yeast multi-copy library that restored mating. Both the cloned gene and the sterile mutation were allelic to the STE14 gene. A ste14-complementing 2·17 kb BamHI fragment subclone was sequenced and found to encode a 239 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 27,887 Daltons. The hydrophobicity profile of the methyltransferase reveals the presence of at least five potential transmembrane domains. In comparisons of the C-terminal methyltransferase amino acid sequence with those in the PIR and Swiss protein databases, no significantly similar sequences were found nor were conserved regions from other methyltransferases present.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090810
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of proteins to the nucleus (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    BioEssays 2 (1985), S. 158-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-9247
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nuclear proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and must subsequently enter the nucleus. Recent experiments indicate some similarities and some differences between protein localization to the nucleus and localization to other organelles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950020405
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  • 8
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    Riches of phenotype computationally extracted from microbial colonies (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-02
    Description: The genetic, epigenetic, and physiological differences among cells in clonal microbial colonies are underexplored opportunities for discovery. A recently developed genetic assay reveals that transient losses of heterochromatic repression, a heritable form of gene silencing, occur throughout the growth ofSaccharomycescolonies. This assay requires analyzing two-color fluorescence patterns in yeast colonies, which is qualitatively appealing but quantitatively challenging. In this paper, we developed a suite of automated image processing, visualization, and classification algorithms (MORPHE) that facilitated the analysis of heterochromatin dynamics in the context of colonial growth and that can be broadly adapted to many colony-based assays inSaccharomycesand other microbes. Using the features that were automatically extracted from fluorescence images, our classification method distinguished loss-of-silencing patterns between mutants and wild type with unprecedented precision. Application of MORPHE revealed subtle but significant differences in the stability of heterochromatic repression between various environmental conditions, revealed that haploid cells experienced higher rates of silencing loss than diploids, and uncovered the unexpected contribution of a sirtuin to heterochromatin dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    The nucleosome core particle remembers its position through DNA replication and RNA transcription (2019)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-11
    Description: Nucleosomes are the fundamental structural unit of chromatin. In addition to stabilizing the DNA polymer, nucleosomes are modified in ways that reflect and affect gene expression in their vicinity. It has long been assumed that nucleosomes can transmit memory of gene expression through their covalent posttranslational modifications. An unproven assumption of this model, which is essential to most models of epigenetic inheritance, is that a nucleosome present at a locus reoccupies the same locus after DNA replication. We tested this assumption by nucleating a synthetic chromatin domain in vivo, in which ∼4 nucleosomes at an arbitrary locus were covalently labeled with biotin. We tracked the fate of labeled nucleosomes through DNA replication, and established that nucleosomes present at a locus remembered their position during DNA replication. The replication-associated histone chaperones Dpb3 and Mcm2 were essential for nucleosome position memory, and in the absence of both Dpb3 and Mcm2 histone chaperone activity, nucleosomes did not remember their position. Using the same approach, we tested the model that transcription results in retrograde transposition of nucleosomes along a transcription unit. We found no evidence of retrograde transposition. Our results suggest that nucleosomes have the capacity to transmit epigenetic memory across mitotic generations with exquisite spatial fidelity.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Pivotal roles of PCNA loading and unloading in heterochromatin function (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-13
    Description: In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin structures required for transcriptional silencing of the HML and HMR loci are duplicated in coordination with passing DNA replication forks. Despite major reorganization of chromatin structure, the heterochromatic, transcriptionally silent states of HML and HMR are successfully maintained throughout S-phase. Mutations of specific components of the replisome diminish the capacity to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through replication. Similarly, mutations in histone chaperones involved in replication-coupled nucleosome assembly reduce gene silencing. Bridging these observations, we determined that the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) unloading activity of Elg1 was important for coordinating DNA replication forks with the process of replication-coupled nucleosome assembly to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through S-phase. Collectively, these data identified a mechanism by which chromatin reassembly is coordinated with DNA replication to maintain silencing through S-phase.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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