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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2005-12-17
    Print ISSN: 0925-9864
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5109
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2005-07-06
    Print ISSN: 0021-8561
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5118
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: mites ; Halotydeus destructor ; resistance ; antixenosis ; feeding ; toughness ; Trifolium subterraneum ; Acarina ; Penthaleidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The short-term response of redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acarina: Penthaleidae) to cotyledons of different varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum subsp. subterraneum L.) was assessed by means of paired choice tests, and no-choice tests. H. destructor had lower numbers and fed less on detached cotyledons of resistant than susceptible varieties, yielding a correlation between the numbers of mites and feeding damage to the cotyledons during a three hour test period. For a number of resistant and susceptible varieties, there was a negative correlation between cotyledon deterrence in the three hour choice test and feeding damage to seedling after a two week period. Since the response of the mites to different subclover varieties occurred within three hours, it is concluded that the resistance is based on antixenosis. No evidence was obtained for antifeedant activity in organic solvent extracts from the variety DGI007 (resistant) in comparison with those from the variety Dalkeith (susceptible). Water soluble compounds from DGI007 cotyledons were preferred by mites, in feeding tests in terms of numbers, over those from Dalkeith (susceptible). Squeezed sap from the cotyledons of both varieties showed the same effects on mites as 5% glucose and were more phagostimulatory than water extracts. Mechanically damaged cotyledons of Dalkeith and DGI007 attracted more mites than the undamaged counterparts. The toughness of cotyledons in 17 varieties of T. subterraneum subsp. subterraneum was measured with a manual penetrometer. Results showed a negative correlation between toughness values and mite feeding damage scores (r2=0.752) for all varieties except S3615D (resistant). This implies a likely involvement of epidermal toughness as a contributor in the antixenotic resistance of these varieties. Other mechanisms may be involved in the resistance of S3615D.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Musca vetustissima ; Onthophagus binodis ; Scarabaeinae ; Muscidae ; spring ; summer ; interspecific ; intraspecific ; densities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des oeufs de mouches de brousse (Musca vetustissima) et des bousiers adultes (Onthophagus binodis) ont été dépos'es à différentes densités sur de la bouse de printemps, riche en nutriments, ou d'été, paure, au laboratoire à 25°C. Les compétitions intra- et interspécifiques ont été plus intenses pour les mouches sur la bouse d/été, et pour les bousiers sur la bouse de printemps. Dans les bouses d'été, la taille des mouches et leur survie ont été influencées à la fois par la densité des bousiers et par celle des mouches. Les mouches élevées sur bouses d'été étaient plus petites, et une corrélation entre la taille et le taux de survie a été observée pour des mouches dont la largeur de la tête était inférieure à environ 2,00 mm. La mortalité était due probablement en grande partie à la mort des larves. Les bousiers n'ont construit que très peu de boules d'excrêments et déchiquetaient la bouse, surtout quand leur densité était élevée. Dans la bouse de printemps, la production de boules d'excrêment a été réduite tant par les densités de bousiers que de celles de mouches. La survie des mouches a été influencée par la densité de bousiers, moins cependent que dans les bouses d'été, mais pas par celle des mouches. La mortalité était due probablement à la mort des oeufs.
    Notes: Abstract A range of densities of bush fly (Musca vetustissima) eggs and dung beetle (Onthophagus binodis) adults were placed on either nutritious spring or poor summer dung in the laboratory at 25°C. Intra- and interspecific competition were greater for flies in summer dung than in spring dung, and intra-and interspecific competition were greater for dung beetles in spring dung than in summer dung. In summer dung fly size and survival were influenced by both beetle and fly densities. Flies in summer dung were smaller, and below a headwidth of about 2.0 mm there was a correlation between size and survival. Mortality was probably due largely to death of larvae. Also beetles produced very few brood balls, and shredded this dung, particularly at high densities. In spring dung, beetle brood ball production which was greater was reduced by both beetle and fly densities, and beetles left the pads earlier at high fly densities. Fly survival was influenced by beetle density, but less than in summer dung, and not by fly density. Mortality was probably caused by death of eggs. These data support field observations that dung beetles cause higher fly mortality in summer dung than spring dung.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Fluctuating asymmetry ; avermectin ; Musca vetustissima ; developmental stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fluctuation de l'asymétrie a été utilisée comme indice de la stabilité du développement pour mettre en évidence l'effet de l'exposition à l'avermectine B1 au cours du développement de M. vetustissima. Les mouches élevées sur bouses de vaches traitées à l'avermectine B1 sont devenues significativement plus asymétriques pour 2 caractères morphométriques (longueurs des veines de l'aile) que celles élevées sur bouses de vaches témoins ou de vaches traitées au Levamisole-HCl, même quand la survie des mouches n'était pas affectée par le traitement. La fluctuation de l'asymétrie s'est avérée un bon critère pour définir des stress pendant le développement, alors que des critères conventionnels comme la survie ne permettent pas de déceler quoi que ce soit.
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry is used as an indicator of developmental stability to assess the effect of exposure to Avermectin B1 on normal developmental processes in the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae). Flies breeding in dung from cattle treated with Avermectin B1 were found to be significantly more asymmetric for two morphometric characters (wing vein lengths), than those breeding in dung from either untreated cattle or cattle treated with Levamisole-HCl at times when fly survival was not affected by the treatments. Fluctuating asymmetry is shown to be a valuable means of defining developmental stress in situations where conventional estimates such as survival show no response.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Assays ; volatile compounds ; Halotydeus destructor ; mite feeding ; subclover cotyledons ; artificial damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects on the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) (Acarina: Penthaleidae) of volatile compounds released from artificially damaged cotyledons of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), a host plant, were investigated with different assays. Mites were repelled by the volatile compounds in flask tube and in trimmed cotyledon disc tests. No differences could be shown between different tissue amounts and between resistant and susceptible varieties. When a membrane sachet was used containing either 2-(E)-hexenal, a compound produced by damaged subclover cotyledons, or the total volatile compounds collected from damaged cotyledons of Dalkeith (susceptible) admixed with 1% glucose, mites gathered to low but were deterred by high concentrations of the compounds. Volatile compounds collected from the resistant variety DGI007 were more deterrent than those from the susceptible Dalkeith. Membrane sachets containing 30 p.p.m. of 2-(E)-hexenal and 1% glucose were less preferred than cotyledons of Dalkeith (susceptible) but were not different from DGI007 (resistant). By increasing the glucose concentration to 5%, the membrane sachets with 30 p.p.m. of 2-(E)-hexenal were preferred to cotyledons of either variety. The results indicate that the membrane feeding technique provides a sensitive way of assaying volatile compounds from damaged subclover cotyledons against the mite.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: redlegged earth mite ; Halotydeus destructor ; cold storage ; low temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Survival of medium sized nymphal stages of redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (mainly tritonymphs and deutonymphs) stored under low temperature (1.5° C) in sealed plastic boxes remained more than 50% after 12 days of storage, with some mites surviving for up to eight weeks. Adding fresh subclover leaves into the storage box increased the survival rate of mites from 12% to 28%, 19 days after the storage started. Mites stored for two weeks at low temperatures showed feeding activity in a screening experiment similar to mites collected directly from the field. This indicated that cold storage of redlegged earth mite can be used to build up mite numbers for large screening experiments, or to extend the period of availability of mites collected from the field. However, their reproductive ability was greatly reduced after three weeks at low temperature. Thus, care should be taken when using mites for experiments measuring reproduction. The implications of low temperatures for reducing field populations of mites in midwinter are also discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Subterranean clover ; Trifolium subterraneum ; cotyledons ; redlegged earth mite ; Halotydeus destructor ; deterrence ; 1-octen-3-one ; volatiles ; host resistance ; antixenosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Artificially damaged cotyledons of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) released several volatile metabolites, including 1-octen-3-one, arising from lipid peroxidation. The amount of 1-octen-3-one produced was negatively correlated with feeding damage caused by the red-legged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) in nine out of 10 resistant and susceptibleT. subterraneum varieties tested. The EC50 of this compound in deterring mites from feeding in a membrane bioassay was 50 ppm. Cotyledon toughness was also involved in resistance. The resistant variety, S3615D, which has the lowest toughness value among the resistant varieties, produced the highest amount of 1-octen-3-one recovered from the headspace in 1 hr. Artificially damaged cotyledons of both susceptible Dalkeith and resistant DG1007, growing in shade, showed lower toughness, but had enhanced production of C8 volatile compounds and were avoided by mites during a 3-hr feeding test. When both 1-octen-3-one content and cotyledon toughness value were taken as cofactors in resistance, the resultant multiplication value yielded a more significantly negative correlation with mite feeding damage scores within the 10 varieties than either factor alone. We conclude that 1-octen-3-one has a role in resistance of subclover cotyledon to the mite.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Subterranean clover ; Trifolium subterraneum ; redlegged earth mite ; Halotydeus destructor ; cotyledons ; attraction ; repellance ; lipid peroxidation products ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Redlegged earth mites (Halotydeus destructor) aggregated in larger numbers on cotyledons of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) previously damaged either by mite feeding or by mechanical injury than on undamaged cotyledons. This effect lasted for up to 7 days. The total volatile fractions derived from crushed cotyledons and its three major components, 2-(E)-hexenal, 1-octen-3-ol, and 1-octen-3-one, were tested for their effect on the aggregation of mites. Significantly more mites gathered on detached cotyledons treated with the metabolites at low concentrations than on controls, with 2-(E)-hexenal being the most effective. Mites were repelled by higher concentrations of the metabolites and 1-octen-3-one, the most active, killed mites at high concentrations. Fewer mites aggregated on DGI007 (resistant) than on Dalkeith (susceptible) cotyledons treated with droplets of the metabolites. The three volatile metabolites were recovered from the headspace of undamaged and of damaged cotyledons. Crushed cotyledons of Dalkeith produced higher levels of 2-(E)-hexenal and lower levels of 1-octen-3-one than undamaged cotyledons. The results suggest that damage-induced metabolites enhance the aggregation of redlegged earth mites at low concentrations and reduce aggregation at high concentrations.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lupinus luteus ; Halotydeus destructor ; plant resistance ; deterrent activity ; quinolizidine alkaloids ; ammodendrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven varieties of Lupinus luteus were tested in choice and no-choice experiments for their resistance to feeding by the red-legged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor). Three were found to show resistance, and the alkaloid fraction from these varieties strongly deterred mites from feeding. The alkaloid components of the extracts, lupinine, a number of acyl derivatives of lupinine, and sparteine were tested for deterrent activity. Sparteine was the most potent, with significant activity at 0.001% concentration. Quantitation of the levels of nonpolar alkaloids in the cotyledons and leaves of the 11 varieties was by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. An inverse correlation was found between the concentrations of these alkaloids and the damage caused by the mites; varieties with levels 〈100 μg/g (fresh wt) showed a high damage index. The involvement of sparteine and the bipiperidine alkaloid ammodendrine in the deterrence to mite feeding is discussed.
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