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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of five enzyme-gene loci in four etheostomid species (Percidae: Pices) in an area of possible introgression (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 5 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The possibility of natural hybridization between two species of darters, Etheostoma spectabile and caeruleum was investigated using the technique of starch gel electrophoresis of skeletal muscle homogenates. Inter- and intraspecific genetic variability at five enzyme loci was found. Presumed morphological hybrids are most probably not genetic hybrids as judged by their enzyme genotypes. The analysis of enzyme variability supports a previously published phylogeny for the darters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04481.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evolutionary model for the duplication and divergence of esterase genes in Drosophila (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 506-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The esterase 5 (Est-5 = gene, EST 5 = protein) enzyme in Drosophila pseudoobscura is encoded by one of three paralogous genes, Est-5A, Est5B, and Est-5C, that are tightly clustered on the right arm of the X chromosome. The homologous Est-6 locus in Drosophila melanogaster has only one paralogous neighbor, Est-P. Comparisons of coding and flanking DNA sequences among the three D. pseudoobscura and two D. melanogaster genes suggest that two paralogous genes were present before the divergence of D. pseudoobscura from D. melanogaster and that, later, a second duplication occurred in D. pseudoobscura. Nucleotide sequences of the coding regions of the three D. pseudoobscura genes showed 78–85% similarity in pairwise comparisons, whereas the relatedness between Est-6 and Est-P was only 67%. The higher degree of conservation in D. pseudoobscura likely results from the comparatively recent divergence of Est-5B and Est-5C and from possible gene conversion events between Est-5A and Est-5B. Analyses of silent and replacement site differences in the two exons of the paralogous and orthologous genes in each species indicate that common selective forces are acting on all five loci. Further evidence for common purifying selective constraints comes from the conservation of hydropathy profiles and proposed catalytic residues. However, different levels of amino acid substitution between the paralogous genes in D. melanogaster relative to those in D. pseudoobscura suggest that interspecific differences in selection also exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160464
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-Darwinian Evolution: A Critique (1970)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 225 (1970), S. 1025-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The view that most evolutionary changes in DNA need not be attributed to natural selection rests on several lines of evidence. This article argues that the evidence leads more simply to a neo-Darwinian ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2251025a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. XIII. Purification and characterization of the two major isozymes (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 1019-1040 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; esterase 6 ; isozymes ; enzyme kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-6 (EST 6; carboxylic-ester hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.1) from Drosophila melanogaster was purified to homogenity. Purified enzyme occurs as two closely moving isozymes, slow (EST 6S) and fast (EST 6F), on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Except for slight differences in their mobility, the two isozymes share similar molecular and catalytic properties. Both isozymes are glycoproteins and have an apparent molecular weight of 62,000 to 65,000 as judged by analytical gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis. They have identical mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and an isoelectric point of 4.5. Each isozyme has a single active catalytic site as confirmed by titration with 0,0-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Paraoxon). We conclude that EST 6 is a monomeric enzyme. The amino acid composition of the two isozymes is very similar and both variants lack half-cystine residues. The low pI of the enzyme is due in part to a relatively high proportion of glutamic and aspartic amino acid residues. Characterization of the kinetic parameters of the isozymes using β-naphthyl and p-nitrophenyl esters revealed no statistically significant differences in catalytic efficiency. There is, however, a suggestion that the two isozymes may differ in their substrate specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483957
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experience-mediated courtship reduction and competition for mates by maleDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 561-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship ; mating ; experience ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Previous research has described conditions which will alter the mating behavior of femaleDrosophila. MaleD. melanogaster exposed to mated females or immature males will show reduced levels of courtship toward normally attractive virgin females or immature males, respectively. Experiments allowing experienced and naive subject males to compete for virgin females are described. The results indicate that experience with mated females does not significantly alter the effectiveness of a male competing for a mate. However, experience with immature males can significantly increase the chances of securing a mate in some circumstances. These results are consistent with previous suggestions that “learning” phenotypes inD. melanogaster may be associated with evolutionary fitness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065451
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. I. The genetics of a posttranslational modification (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 167-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterase 6 ; Drosophila ; enzyme modification ; leucine aminopeptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A locus has been found, an allele of which causes a modification of some allozymes of the enzyme esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. There are two alleles of this locus, one of which is dominant to the other and results in increased electrophoretic mobility of affected allozymes. The locus responsible has been mapped to 3-56.7 on the standard genetic map (Est-6 is at 3-36.8). Of 13 other enzyme systems analyzed, only leucine aminopeptidase is affected by the modifier locus. Neuraminidase incubations of homogenates altered the electrophoretic mobility of esterase 6 allozymes, but the mobility differences found are not large enough to conclude that esterase 6 is sialylated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484483
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of esterase 6 inDrosophila melanogaster. VII. Remating times of females inseminated by males having active or null alleles (1981)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; esterase 6 activity ; esterase 6 ; null allele ; remating ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase 6 (EST 6) inDrosophila melanogaster is a male reproductive enzyme transferred to females as a component of the seminal fluid [Richmond, R. C., Gilbert, D. G., Sheehan, K. B., Gromko, M. H., and Butterworth, F. W. (1980).Science 207:1483–1485]. Here we report investigations into the relation between EST 6 and remating by females. EST 6 activity in a strain selected for decreased time to remating is increased over control levels. Inseminated females remated to males carrying null or active alleles show no differences in the timing of remating. However, females inseminated by EST 6-active males remate significantly sooner than females inseminated by null males. Interrupted copulation experiments demonstrate that the remating effect is not due to EST 6 alone but requires other components of the ejaculate. Other evidence suggests that sperm stored in the ventral receptacle respond to EST 6 levels and control remating time. As the first mate of a female who will remate, null-EST 6 males have, under laboratory conditions, a significantly higher fitness than males carrying active alleles. Thus the absence of null alleles of EST 6 in natural populations presents a dilemma suggesting that the remating effect of EST 6 may be balanced by other effects on reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065458
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition site preference inDrosophila (1979)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; oviposition site preference ; ethanol ; Darwininian fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative studies of oviposition site preference (OSP) inDrosophila suggest that choice of oviposition site is an important adaptive behavior which influences individual fitness and the potential of populations for speciation. OSP has been investigated under conditions which provided females with a choice of standard medium or medium containing ethanol for oviposition. OSP is an extremely labile behavior in the laboratory, but a technique has been developed which minimizes variation between replicates and allows the detection of OSP differences between semispecies of a single species. An analysis of the OSP of 14Drosophila species shows that this behavior is not correlated with phylogenetic relationships. OSP with respect to ethanol may be correlated with the presence of ethanol in the environment and the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the species tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01071304
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic basis of aristal morphology inDrosophila melanogaster and its correlation with behavior: Selection for increased and decreased aristal branching (1979)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: aristal morphology ; Drosophila melanogaster ; artificial selection ; geotaxis ; mating behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The aristae ofDrosophila have been shown to play a role in mating behavior and geotaxis. Two populations ofD. melanogaster were selected for increased and decreased numbers of major aristal branches. Selection was successful and resulted in two lines differing by an average of six aristal branches. Hybridization analyses of selected lines revealed that genes influencing aristal branching are located on both the X chromosome and the autosomes. Polygenic control of aristal morphology is indicated by a gradual response to selection and low realized heritabilities. When selection was relaxed for 19 generations, the number of aristal branches did not revert to the number in the control line. Changes in aristal branching did not appear to have a consistent influence on geotaxis, although there was a tendency for flies with fewer aristal branches to be geonegative. Neither mating speed nor ethological isolation between the two populations was affected by selection. It is concluded that the number of aristal branches inDrosophila is a neutral trait (i.e., not subject to natural selection) under laboratory conditions. Correlations between aristal morphology and behavior found in other selection experiments by previous investigators were likely due to linkage disequilibria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068208
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  • 10
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    High resolution electrophoretic variation at the esterase-6 locus in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-067X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2540
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature
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