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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The need for international stem cell agreements (2004)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 22 (2004), S. 1207-1207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] To the editor: The feature by Lori Knowles in the February issue (Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 157–163, 2004) outlined embryonic stem (ES) cell regulations around the world and in the United States. Different political bodies are pursuing a wide variety of ES cell policies, ranging from banning the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1004-1207a
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  • 2
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    ROSENBERG, ALEXANDER: "The Structure of Biological Science" (Book Review) (1987)
    Oxford : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The British journal for the philosophy of science. 38 (1987) 119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-0882
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Notes: REVIEWS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:4064-1987-038-00-000037
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rebirth of rational morphology (1994)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 42 (1994), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines a new challenge to neo-Darwinism, a movement known as process structuralism. The process structuralist critique of neo-Darwinism holds 1) that there are general laws in biology and that biologists should search for these laws; 2) that there are general forms of morphology and development and that biologists should attempt to uncover these forms; 3) that organisms are unified wholes that cannot be understood without adopting a holistic perspective; and 4) that no special, causal primacy should be given to the genes in development and morphology. This paper places process structuralism in its historical context, examines the philosophical underpinnings of the movement, and discusses some of the evidence used to support its claims.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706837
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How-possibly explanations in biology (1991)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 39 (1991), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biologists in many different fields of research give how-possibly explanations of the phenomena they study. Although such explanations lack empirical support, and might be regarded by some as “unscientific,” they play an important heuristic role in biology by helping biologists develop theories and concepts and suggesting new areas of research. How-possibly explanations serve as a useful framework for conducting research in the absence of adequate empiri cal data, and they can even become how-actually explanations if they gain enough empirical support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046596
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional language and biological discovery (1995)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: discovery ; heuristics ; functional language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This paper provides an explication and defense of a view that many philosophers and biologists have accepted though few have understood, the idea that functional language can play an important role in biological discovery. I defend four theses in support of this view: (1) functional statements can serve as background assumptions that produce research problems; (2) functional questions can be important parts of research problems; (3) functional concepts can provide a framework for developing general theories; (4) functional statements can serve as heuristics for generating hypotheses. I develop and defend these four claims by describing a taxonomy of functional discourse, providing an account of scientific discovery, and by applying this framework to some cases of successful research in biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130929
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival of the fittest: Law of evolution or law of probability? (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 3 (1988), S. 349-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: fitness ; propensity ; untestable ; explanation ; semantic view of theories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In a recent issue of Biology and Philosophy, Kenneth Waters argues that the principle of ”survival of the fittest” should be eliminated from the theory of natural selection, because it is an untestable law of probability, and as such, has no place in evolutionary theory. His argument is impressive, but it does not do justice to the practice of biology. The principle of “survival of the fittest” should not be eliminated from the theory of natural selection because it is important to biological practice: it plays an essential role in explanation and discovery, and in unffying the theory of natural selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053659
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion: Leo Buss's The Evolution of Individuality (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 453-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Adaptationism ; cell lineages ; development ; individuals ; natural selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In his book The Evolution of Individuality, Leo Buss attacks a central dogma of the neo-Darwinian (or synthetic) theory of evolution, the idea that the individual is the sole unit of selection, by arguing that individuals themselves emerged as the result of selective forces that regulated the replication of cell lineages for the benefit of the whole organism. Buss also argues that metazoan developmental patterns and life cycles are the products of selection operating on different units of selection, and that there have been transitions between different units of selection during the history of life. Despite the revolutionary character of this book, The Evolution of Individuality in many ways reflects the adaptationist thinking often associated with the synthetic theory. Buss' framework could be improved by giving further consideration to chance factors in the evolution of development, and examining the details of the evolution of ontogeny in more depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130062
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptationism: Hypothesis or Heuristic? (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 12 (1996), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptationism ; natural selection ; heuristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Elliott Sober (1987, 1993) and Orzack and Sober (forthcoming) argue that adaptationism is a very general hypothesis that can be tested by testing various particular hypotheses that invoke natural selection to explain the presence of traits in populations of organisms. In this paper, I challenge Sober‘s claim that adaptationism is an hypothesis and I argue that it is best viewed as a heuristic (or research strategy). Biologists would still have good reasons for employing this research strategy even if it turns out that natural selection is not the most important cause of evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017936706537
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Conflict Between Ethics and Business in Community Pharmacy: What About Patient Counseling? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business objectives ; community pharmacy ; ethics ; managed care ; moral education ; moral persuasion ; OBRA '90 ; patient counseling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Patient counseling is a cornerstone of ethical pharmacy practice and high quality pharmaceutical care. Counseling promotes patient compliance with prescription regimens and prevents dangerous drug interactions and medication errors. Counseling also promotes informed consent and protects pharmacists against legal risks. However, economic, social, and technological changes in pharmacy practice often force community pharmacists to choose between their professional obligations to counsel patients and business objectives. State and federal legislatures have enacted laws that require pharmacists to counsel patients, but these laws have had mixed results. This essay argues that community pharmacy's patient counseling conundrum can be solved through additional moral education and moral persuasion, not through additional legal mandates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006280300427
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laws and Development (1997)
    Springer
    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 112 (1997), S. 37-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004968312300
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