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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of ethylene action prevents root penetration through compressed media in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings (1992)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 86 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Rutgers) seedlings germinated on 2% agar containing the inhibitor of ethylene action, silver thiosulfate (STS), failed to insert their radicles into the agar. The growing seedlings developed a corkscrew morphology because of their inability to develop a gravitropic axis. Treatment with STS increased root length, and decreased hypocotyl elongation. These effects were also observed in seedlings germinated in atmospheres containing 2 000 µl 1−1 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD), another inhibitor of ethylene action. Neither of the inhibitors suppressed root penetration by seedlings grown on soft agar (0.5%). The altered pattern of growth appears to be due to restricted water uptake, since water application restored normal growth but not root penetration. Under low impedance, the rate of ethylene production was higher on STS- or NBD-treated roots. Increasing the concentration of agar in the growing medium increased ethylene production in untreated roots, and reduced that of those treated with inhibitors. The inability of roots to penetrate impeding agar surfaces was also observed in seedlings of an ethylene-resistant mutant (er) of Arabidopsis thaliana. These data indicate that ethylene plays a role in the response of roots to mechanical impedance, and that inhibition of their action impaired root insertion through compressed media. Possible mechanisms involved in these processes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1992.860217.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in ripening apple fruits (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 66 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In preclimacteric apple fruits (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) ethylene production is controlled by the rates of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthesis, and by its metabolism to ethylene by the ethylene-forming enzyme and to 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC) by malonyl CoA-ACC transferase. The onset of the climacteric in ethylene production is associated with an increase in the activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme in the pulp and with a rise in the activity of ACC synthase. Malonyl transferase activity is very high in the skin of immature fruit, decreases sharply before the onset of the climacteric, and remains nearly constant thereafter. More than 40% of the ACC synthesized in the skin and around 5% in the flesh, are diverted to MACC at early climacteric. At the climacteric peak there are substantial gradients in ethylene production between different portions of the tissue, the inner cortical tissues producing up to twice as much as the external tissues. This increased production is associated with, and apparently due to, increased content of ACC synthase. Less than 1% of the synthesized ACC is diverted to MACC in the flesh of climacteric apples. In contrast, the skin contains high activity of malonyl transferase, and correspondingly high levels [1000 nmol (g dry weight)−1] of MACC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb05957.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roles of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in pollination and wound-induced senescence of Petunia hybrida flowers (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 61 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Normal senescence of Petunia hybrida L. (cv. Pink Cascade) was associated with a 10-fold increase in their ethylene production. Soon after pollination wounding of the stigma of detached flowers there was a burst of ethylene production by the gynoecium, which reached a maximum after 3 h. A subsequnt more gradual rise in ethylene production by the flowers was accompanied by blueing, wilting, and senescence of the corolla. Treatment with 1 μl ethylene 1−1 accelerated the onset of senescence as measured first by color change and then by wilting of the corolla. These changes were further accelerated by using older flowers or higher concentrations of ethylene. Senescence was also hastened by supplying 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) through the flower pedicel. Petunia pollen contained high concentrations of ACC (300 nmol g−1); treatment of stigmas with ACC (1 mM) caused a 4-fold increase in their ethylene production. Senescence, whether natural or hastened by pollination or piercing, was delayed by treating the flowers with the anionic silver thiosulfate complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb05184.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular occlusion in stems of cut rose flowers exposed to air: Role of xylem anatomy and rates of transpiration (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 93 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stems of cut rose flowers were exposed to air at 20°C and 60% relative humidity and then placed in water. The rate of water uptake in Frisco, Sonia, Madelon, and Cara Mia roses was maximally inhibited after 72, 36, 24, and 3 h of exposure to air. respectively. Anatomical observations showed no tyloses, gums, or deposition of hydrophobic material in the xylem conduits (tracheids and vessels) of any of the investigated cultivars. Frisco, Sonia, Madelon, and Cara Mia roses showed no difference in the number, the length, the wall thickness, or the diameter of the lumina of either the tracheids or the vessels. This indicates that differences in recovery are not related to capillary diameter or length.During exposure to air the decrease in transpiration rate, fresh weight, and water potential was the same in Sonia, Madelon, and Cara Mia roses. Upon exposure to air Frisco roses lost less water than the other cultivars studied In Frisco roses stomatal conductance was similar to that of other cultivars, but the rate of cuticular transpiration was lower.It is concluded that conservation of water through low cuticular transpiration is one of the reasons for the relatively slow development of the vascular occlusion in Frisco roses, but the differences between Sonia. Madelon and Cara Mia roses were not related to their rates of transpiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb05109.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of growth regulators in the senescence of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 80 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A homozygous, dominant, C2H4-resistant line of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh (cv. Columbia; er) was selected from ethylmethylsulfonate-mutagenized seed, and used to test the role of C2H4 and other growth regulators in senescence of mature leaves. Chlorophyll (Chl) loss from disks excised from leaves of er was much slower than that from wild-type (WT) disks, whether they were held in the light or in the dark. C2H4 accelerated Che loss from WT disks but had no effect on the yellowing of mutant disks. C2H4 biosynthesis was higher in disks from the mutant plants, particularly in the light. In the dark, treatment with the cytokinin, 6-benzyladenine (BA), reduced Chl loss from wild-type disks, but had no effect on mutant disks. In the light, BA treatment stimulated chlorophyll breakdown in both wild type and mutant disks. Treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) stimulated chlorophyll loss in wild-type and mutant disks, whether they were held in the light or the dark. C2H4 production was stimulated in ABA-treated disks, but they still yellowed even when C2H4 production was inhibited by application of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). These data indicate that C2H4 is only one of the factors involved in leaf senescence, and that the promotion of senescence by ABA is not mediated through its stimulation of C2H4 production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb05677.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flower senescence in daylily (Hemerocallis) (1992)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 86 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Daylily (Hemerocallis hybrid cv. Cradle Song) flower development and senescence was categorised into seven stages, each separated by one day. As the bud developed (Stages I to III) its fresh and dry weight increased, but during flower opening (Stages III to IV) only the fresh weight increased, reaching a maximum when the flower was fully open (Stage IV). Fresh and dry weight declined as the flower senesced (Stages V to VII), and the petal tissue became water-soaked. Flower respiration was relatively constant through Stages I to III, but during opening the CO2 production increased, then declined as the flowers senesced. Ethylene production was low throughout flower development, and there was a transient increase, up to 2.5 nl flower−1 h−1, as flowers senesced. Petal protein content per gram fresh weight decreased throughout flower development and senescence either on or off the plant. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE revealed a general gradual loss of protein bands during flower senescence and loss of some specific bands (e.g. at M, 30 000 and 40 000). Flowers, detached from the plant at Stage III, placed in deionised (DI) water for 7 h and then transferred to fresh DI water or actinomycin D (25 mg l−1), showed an increase in fresh weight up to a maximum at about 12 h after transfer, followed by a rapid decline. By 48 h the flowers had completely senesced, the tissue becoming watersoaked and free moisture appearing on the tips of collapsed petals. In contrast, senescence of flowers treated during opening with cycloheximide (1 mM) was greatly delayed, with little loss of fresh weight or reduction in flower diameter, even up to 181 h after transfer. When such flowers did finally senesce, they did not show the same pattern of senescence as seen with those in water or actinomycin D. Cycloheximide-treated flowers wilted gradually and showed no water-soaking and no free moisture at the petal tips. Cycloheximide treatment retarded the decline in protein content of the petals; and the protein population, as visualised by SDS-PAGE, was maintained for up to 204 h after transfer to cycloheximide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1992.860218.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomical and physiological effects of silver thiosulfate on ethylene-induced abscission inColeus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Petioles of expiants ofColeus blumei Benth. exposed to 20 μl/l ethylene abscised within 36 h. Pretreatment of expiants with 4 mM silver thiosulfate (STS) inhibited ethylene-induced abscission. Delaying treatment with STS reduced its effectiveness in retarding ethylene-promoted abscission, suggesting that some events leading to abscission are initiated during the first hours of ethylene treatment. Microscopic study of abscission zones of ethylene-treated expiants showed greatly increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, disruptions of the plasma membrane, and some cell separation in the region of the middle lamella. Pretreatment with STS prevented ethylene-induced reorganization of the endomembrane system and the subsequent middle lamellar dissolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042006
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Up-regulation of a cysteine protease accompanies the ethylene-insensitive senescence of daylily (Hemerocallis) flowers (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 575-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: daylily ; ethylene-insensitive senescence ; flower senescence ; Hemerocallis ; cysteine protease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The flowers of daylily (Hemerocallis × hybrida cv. Cradle Song) open at midnight, start to senesce 12 h later, and are completely senescent by the following midnight. Differential screening of a cDNA library constructed from tepals of flowers showing incipient senescence revealed 25 clones that were strongly up-regulated in senescent tepals. Re-screening and interactive Southern analysis of these clones revealed 3 families of up-regulated clones. Transcripts of one clone, SEN10, were not detectable at midnight, but increased dramatically as senescence proceeded. The derived amino acid sequence of the full-length cDNA (SEN102) has strong homology with cysteine proteases that have been reported from other plant tissues. The sequence contains a secretory signal peptide and a probable prosequence upstream of the mature protein. Amino acids critical to the active site and structure of cysteine proteases are conserved, and the C-terminus of the polypeptide has a unique putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal -RDEL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020403
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethylene and flower senescence (1992)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The end of the relatively short life of carnations held in air is associated with climacteric rises in ethylene production and respiration, and coordinate rises in activity of the enzymes of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. Carnation sensescence is associated with derepression of specific genes, increased polyribosome activity, and major changes in patterns of protein synthesis. Isotopic competition assays indicate the presence in carnation petals of ethylene binding activity with the expected characteristics of the physiological ethylene receptor. Inhibition of ethylene production and/or ethylene binding (whether in selected varieties, or by treatment with chemicals) results in longer-lived carnations. Examination of other flowers shows that the carnation is not a universal paradigm for flower senescence. The response to ethylene varies widely, and in many species petal wilting occurs without any apparent involvement of ethylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024431
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the expression of two thiolprotease genes from daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) during flower senescence (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: flower senescence ; daylily ; thiolprotease ; cDNA ; gibberellic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone encoding a daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) thiolprotease (SEN11), whose expression is strongly up-regulated in flower tepal senescence, has been isolated. The amino acid sequence, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, showed highest similarity to plant thiolproteases of Vigna mungo, Phaseolus vulgaris and Hemerocallis (SEN102), and contains a putative ER retention signal that has been described in Vigna mungo. SEN102 and SEN11 transcripts were not detectable in flower buds at the opening stage, but two peaks of transcripts were seen after 9 h and 19 h, in both petals and sepals, when wilting symptoms were apparent. The pattern of protease activity migrating on a 26.3 kDa protein was similar to the SEN102 and SEN11 transcript profiles. These two genes were also expressed in stamens and leaves, but their transcripts were undetectable in carpels and rhizomes. The expression of SEN102 was lower in the senescent leaf than in the green leaf. The pattern of expression of these genes suggests their involvement in the protein hydrolysis occurring in tepals at the late senescence stage, whereas in leaves they could be involved in the constitutive protein turnover machinery. Exogenous gibberellic acid application to cut flowers increased transcripts of both genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005952005739
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