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1

Electronic Resource

Foliar chemical concentrations in red alder stands of various ages (1984)

DeBell, D. S. ; Radwan, M. A.

Springer

Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 391-394

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Alder ; Alnus rubra ; Essential elements ; N2-fixation ; Nutrition ; Stand deterioration

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Six stands of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) were sampled to assess the relationship between stand age and foliar chemical concentrations. The stands ranged in age from 9 to 45 years, and were located near Olympia, Washington, on sites of similar soil, aspect, and slope. Foliage was collected in July, and concentrations of most essential nutrients and aluminum were determined. Foliar concentrations of these elements varied among the different stands. Highest concentrations of N, P, Ca, S, Fe, and Al were found in trees of the youngest stand. Concentrations of N, P, S, and Fe were negatively correlated with stand age. The strongest correlation was obtained with P (r=−0.96,P〈0.01), followed by N (r=−0.85,P=0.03). Results suggest that declining growth and deterioration of red alder stands with age may be related, at least in part, to limiting supplies of essential nutrients, especially P, N, and S.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182943

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2

Electronic Resource

Litterfall and nutrient returns in red alder stands in western Washington (1984)

Radwan, M. A. ; Harrington, Constance A. ; Kraft, J. M.

Springer

Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 343-351

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Aluminum ; Annual returns ; Essential elements ; Litterfall ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Red alder

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P〈0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha−1 yr−1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P〈0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P〈0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO4−S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=−0.84,P〈0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P〈0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P〈0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P〈0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P〈0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha−1 yr−1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, 〈0.1.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184327

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3

Electronic Resource

Nutrient relations in coppiced black cottonwood and red alder (1988)

Radwan, M. A. ; DeBell, D. S.

Springer

Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 171-177

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Alnus rubra ; efficiency of nutrient utilization ; essential elements ; nutrient concentration ; nutrient content ; Populus trichocarpa

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Two-year-old coppice of black cottonwood and red alder, grown in pure culture and in mixture, were compared using terminal twigs and leafless shoots harvested in the winter. Terminal twigs were taken with buds intact; they were about 15 cm long. Leafless shoot samples included all above-ground components. In pure culture, dry weights of the leafless shoots per plant were similar for the two species. In mixture with alder, however, weight of the cottonwood plants was enhanced and that of alder was reduced, but neither response was statistically significant. Nutrient concentration, content per plant, and utilization varied by the plant tissues analyzed, cultural treatment (purevs. mixed), and species. In general, nutrient concentrations were higher in the terminal twigs than in the leafless shoots of both species. Cultural treatment did not significantly affect nutrient concentration in cottonwood twigs or in the leafless shoots of either species. Concentrations of N and Fe were significantly higher and those of Mn were lower in twigs of mixed alder than in twigs of pure alder. Twigs of cottonwood were significantly higher than those of alder in concentration of P and Zn, and lower in N, Mn, and Cu. Compared with alder, cottonwood leafless shoots were significantly higher in concentration of Ca, but lower in N, S, Cu, and Mn. With few exceptions, nutrient content was highest in the shoots of the large plants of mixed cottonwood, intermediate in medium-sized pure cottonwood and pure alder, and lowest in the small mixed alder. Cottonwood was significantly more efficient than alder in use of N, S, and Cu, and less efficient in use of Ca. Some of the differences between cultural treatments and species may be associated directly or indirectly with the N2-fixing ability of red alder. Mixed culture of the two species appears promising because of the increased growth of cottonwood. Planted separately in pure culture, the choice between cottonwood and alder may be determined, in part, by the nutritional status of the soil where plantations are established.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371211

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4

Electronic Resource

Softwood cuttings for propagation of red alder (1989)

Radwan, M. A. ; Max, T. A. ; Johnson, D. W.

Springer

New forests 3 (1989), S. 21-30

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ISSN: 1573-5095

Keywords: epicormic sprouts ; terminal and nonterminal cuttings ; indole-3-butyric acid ; vegetative propagation ; Alnus rubra

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Tests were conducted to assess rootability of red alder softwood cuttings from shoots of young trees and epicormic sprouts of mature individuals. Ortets were 3 to 34 years old, and treatments with and without indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were compared. The extent of rooting and root vigor on the cuttings varied greatly among ortets and treatments. Among nonterminal cuttings, the best overall rooting success, with and without IBA, was obtained with cuttings of the youngest ortet. Average rooting of terminal and nonterminal cuttings of one clone were 100% and 64%, respectively. Although cuttings of some trees rooted well without IBA, the IBA treatment appeared to be generally beneficial. For all nonterminal cuttings of all clones, best results (80.0%/x) were obtained with a 10-sec dip in 2,000 or 4,000 ppm IBA. Vigorous planting stock was obtained from the rooted cuttings of all clones. Using epicormic sprouts from mature trees of proven performance will presumably allow propagation of superior trees and establishment of new plantations with improved stock.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128898

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5

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Terpenes of ponderosa pine and feeding preferences by pocket gophers (1982)

Radwan, M. A. ; Crouch, G. L. ; Harrington, C. A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 241-253

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Terpenes ; essential oils ; gopher damage ; gopher feeding preference ; Pinus ponderosa ; Thomomys spp.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Yield and composition of essential oils were compared in foliage, stems, and roots of ponderosa pine seedlings, and preferences for the trees by pocket gophers were determined. Test seedlings represented nine widely separated provenances in the western United States. Seed source of the trees influenced gopher feeding preferences and resulted in varied tree damage. The damage ranged from 0 to 31%, suggesting that some sources might possess sufficient natural resistance to give trees practical protection from gophers in the field. There were no morphological differences among sources to explain differential tree damage. All sources contained essential oils in all tissues examined, but oil yield varied among and within tissue types. Oils were predominantly (76–97%) composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Oil composition varied by source, and different tissue types varied greatly in the yield and composition of their oils. Neither yield nor constituents of foliage oils were significantly correlated with gopher damage (or preference). In contrast, some components of stem and root oils were strongly related to preference. Results of correlation and discriminant analyses showed that some oil constituents could serve as indicators of resistance (or susceptibility) to gopher damage. Such important chemical variables, when verified, could be used in selections for ponderosa pine resistant to gophers.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984020

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6

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Selected chemical constituents and deer browsing preference of Douglas fir (1978)

Radwan, M. A. ; Crouch, G. L.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 675-683

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Browsing preference ; essential oils ; chlorogenic acid ; Douglas fir ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; deer (black-tailed) ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Douglas fir foliage from eight full-sib F1 families was analyzed for chlorogenic acid and essential oils and ranked according to browsing preference of penned black-tailed deer. Foliage was obtained during the dormant season, and tissues for both the preference test and chemical analyses were collected from the same trees. Deer ranked the different families, and chlorogenic acid content was correlated with preference order. Families varied significantly in yield and composition of essential oils, but differences were not related to preference. Results may have application in selections for Douglas fir resistant to browsing.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990278

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7

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Variance in response of pole-size trees and seedlings of Douglas-fir and western hemlock to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (1991)

Radwan, M. A. ; Shumway, J. S. ; DeBell, D. S. ; [et al.]

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1991; 21(10): 1431-1438. Published 1991 Oct 01. doi: 10.1139/x91-202.

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Publication Date: 1991-10-01

Description: Three experiments were conducted to determine effects of N and P fertilizers on growth and levels of plant-tissue nutrients of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Both pole-size trees in closed-canopy stands and potted seedlings were used. Soil series were Bunker for Douglas-fir and Klone for western hemlock in experiments 1 and 3, and Vesta in experiment 2. For each species in experiments 1 and 2, P and N fertilizers were tested in six or eight treatments using factorial design. In experiment 3, N and P fertilizers were individually tested on seedlings, at one rate of application each. Nitrogen fertilizers used were urea in experiment 1 and ammonium nitrate in the other two experiments; P was applied as triple superphosphate in all three experiments. In general, fertilization changed levels of some plant-tissue nutrients of the pole-size trees and potted seedlings. Neither height nor basal-area growth of the trees was significantly affected by any of the fertilization treatments in the first two experiments. Seedling growth of both Douglas-fir and western hemlock was dramatically improved by the P fertilizer, but was negatively affected by the N fertilizer. Results clearly show differences between pole-size trees and seedlings in response to N and P fertilizers. They also suggest that N not be applied where soils are high in N and low in P and that P applications be confined to sites with low-P soils, when trees are young, before canopy closure.

Print ISSN: 0045-5067

Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition