Publication Date:
2012-02-16
Description:
SUMMARY Seismic velocity anisotropy measurements are made of a fractured metamorphic formation from the 2.5-km-deep International Continental Scientific Drilling Programme (ICDP) borehole in Outokumpu, Finland. Three component walk-away vertical seismic profile (VSP) measurements are made along two source-line azimuths at three receiver depths (1000, 1750 and 2500 m) and incidence angle-dependent qP - and qS -wave velocities are extracted with a τ– p method. The highest qP -wave anisotropy, 13.6 per cent ( v fast = 6160 m s −1 , v slow = 5370 m s −1 ), is measured between 1000- and 1750-m depth, with anisotropy of up to 9.4 per cent ( v fast = 6090 m s −1 , v slow = 5540 m s −1 ) measured between 1750 and 2500 m depth. The top ∼1300 m of the region is composed of a homogeneous, strongly intrinsically anisotropic biotite-rich schist, and is sampled by the shallowest walk-away profile. Anisotropy of up to 11.1 per cent ( v fast = 5950 m s −1 , v slow = 5320 m s −1 ) is measured by the walk-away VSP between 50 and 1000 m depth, along with shear wave splitting averaging 5 per cent (180 m s −1 ). Laboratory-derived intrinsic anisotropy of the schist cannot by itself explain the degree or orientation of the anisotropy measured in the walk-away VSPs, however, a model which modifies the intrinsic stiffnesses by the inclusion of a single set of dipping, aligned cracks allows the observed in situ velocities to be reproduced. Forward modelling of the qP -wave walk-away VSP measurements from 50 to 1000 m depth is undertaken using an effective medium model to develop a 3-D velocity model of this region. An orthorhombic medium is used to represent the intrinsic anisotropy of the biotite-rich schist, and a single set of aligned cracks is added to give a bulk elastic stiffness. The resulting model predicts the schist to have an overall anisotropy of 16.8 per cent, with qP -wave velocities of up to 6315 m s −1 . The accuracy of the model is assessed through its fit to the walk-away VSP measurements as well as a comparison to known geology of the region.
Print ISSN:
0956-540X
Electronic ISSN:
1365-246X
Topics:
Geosciences
Published by
Oxford University Press
on behalf of
The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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