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  • 1
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    Oceanic spawning migration of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: European eels (Anguilla anguilla) undertake a approximately 5000-kilometer (km) spawning migration from Europe to the Sargasso Sea. The larvae are transported back to European waters by the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift. However, details of the spawning migration remain unknown because tracking eels in the Atlantic Ocean has, so far, eluded study. Recent advances in satellite tracking enable investigation of migratory behavior of large ocean-dwelling animals. However, sizes of available tags have precluded tracking smaller animals like European eels. Here, we present information about the swimming direction, depth, and migratory behavior of European eels during spawning migration, based on a miniaturized pop-up satellite archival transmitter. Although the tagging experiment fell short of revealing the full migration to the Sargasso Sea, the data covered the first 1300 km and provided unique insights.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aarestrup, Kim -- Okland, Finn -- Hansen, Michael M -- Righton, David -- Gargan, Patrik -- Castonguay, Martin -- Bernatchez, Louis -- Howey, Paul -- Sparholt, Henrik -- Pedersen, Michael I -- McKinley, Robert S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 25;325(5948):1660. doi: 10.1126/science.1178120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Vejlsovej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. kaa@aqua.dtu.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anguilla/*physiology ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Reproduction ; *Swimming ; Temperature ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Swimming activity and energetic expenditure of captive rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) estimated by electromyogram telemetry (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) are usually cultured at high densities to maximize production, but little is known about the physiological and behavioural consequences of high-density fish culture. The purpose of this study was to develop quantitative correlates of activity for fish held under conditions of increasing density. Fifteen hatchery-reared rainbow trout (mean fork length = 432.3 ± 9.2 mm) were implanted with activity (electromyogram; EMGi) transmitters and randomly assigned to each of three replicate tanks. Original tank densities (15 kg m−3) were then increased to 30 and finally to 60 kg m−3 at weekly intervals by adding additional fish. Remote telemetry signals indicated that activity increased with increasing stocking density. Fish were relatively inactive during the middle of the day, with diel activity patterns not differing among treatments. Fish were more active during periods of darkness, with activity increasing with increasing stocking density. Relationships between swimming speed, EMGi activity and oxygen consumption were developed using a respirometer and used to estimate oxygen consumption of the fish in the density treatments. Average oxygen consumption estimates increased with increasing density treatments as follows: low density = 75.6 mg kg−1 h−1; medium density = 90.0 mg kg−1 h−1; and high density = 102.6 mg kg−1 h−1. Telemetry permits quantification of the effects of increasing density on fish activity. Physiological telemetry devices may provide a useful tool for remotely monitoring animal welfare correlates under controlled conditions for fish exposed to different husbandry conditions and may prove a valuable tool for the aquaculture industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00470.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endurance of farmed and sea-ranched Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. at spawning (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Endurance of farmed and sea-ranched Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. males was analysed during spawning time. The fish were endurance tested at different swimming speeds (1.6–2.1 m s−1) in forced swim trials. The sea-ranched males (51-65 cm, n= 20) fatigued significantly earlier than the farmed males(59-72 cm, n= 20),although the sea-ranched males were significantly smaller than the farmed males. When the size difference between the two groups were corrected for, no significant difference in the endurance of the two groups was found. Farmed salmon had a significant higher fat content in white muscle (4.7%) than sea-ranched salmon (1.1%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.00906.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Swimming performance and blood chemistry in Atlantic salmon spawners exposed to acid river water with elevated aluminium concentrations (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 58 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Exposure of sexually mature pre-spawning Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to Fossbekk water (pH 5·2) for 7 days led to a significant reduction in critical swimming speed (U-crit) in females but not in males. Exposure to Fossbekk water +A1 (as AlCl3) for 24 h led to a significant reduction in U-crit in both males and females. In contrast to fish exposed for 7 days to Fossbekk water, fish exposed to Fossbekk+A1 had accumulated much more aluminium and mucus on their gills. Losses of plasma ions were similar in both groups exposed to acid water. Blood glucose was twice as high in fish exposed to Fossbekk water for 7 days compared with fish exposed to Fossbekk+A1 for 24 h. Plasma cortisol was still elevated compared with controls after exposure to Fossbekk water for 7 days. Possible mechanisms for the observed decrease in U-crit at the different exposures are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00552.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma non-esterified fatty acid profiles in wild Atlantic salmon during their freshwater migration and spawning (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 55 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Total plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels increased significantly in adult Atlantic salmon during the first months of their upstream migration and spawning in the Exploits River, Newfoundland, Canada. The highest levels occurred in May and were 5467±270·43 nmol ml−1 for females and 4617±334·70 nmol ml−1 for males. Significantly higher levels were maintained by females compared with males for most of the upstream migration. Between August and October, total plasma NEFA levels declined by 61% in females but only 23% in males. The decline in plasma monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels accounted for 74% of the loss of NEFAs in females. Specific plasma NEFAs such as 16: 0 (palmitic), 16: 1 (palmitoleic), 18: 1n9 (oleic) and 20: 5n3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) differed significantly between males and females during migration and spawning. The mean gonadosomatic index (IG) values of females in May and just prior to spawning were 0·37±0·01 and 10·25±0·32, respectively. The rapid decline in the plasma NEFA content of females coincided with the largest increase in their IG (1·85±0·02–10·25±0·32). Corresponding IG values for males were 0·34±0·01 in May and 3·33±0·78 prior to spawning. Plasma NEFA levels of spent salmon did not differ between sexes and were significantly lower than those of salmon preparing to spawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00677.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radio-transmitted electromyogram signals as indicators of swimming speed in lake trout and brown trout (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 57 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Swimming speed and average electromyogram (EMG) pulse intervals were highly correlated in individual lake trout Salvelinus namaycush (r2=0·52–0·89) and brown trout Salmo trutta (r2=0·45–0·96). High correlations were found also for pooled data in both lake trout (r2=0·90) and brown trout of the Emå stock (r2=0·96) and Lærdal stock (r2=0·96). The linear relationship between swimming speed and average EMG pulse intervals differed significantly among lake trout and the brown trout stocks. This successful calibration of EMGs to swimming speed opens the possibility of recording swimming speed of free swimming lake trout and brown trout in situ. EMGs can also be calibrated to oxygen consumption to record energy expenditure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00259.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological impact of sea lice on swimming performance of Atlantic salmon (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 62 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were infected with two levels of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis (0·13 ± 0·02 and 0·02 ± 0·00 sea lice g−1). Once sea lice became adults, the ventral aorta of each fish was fitted with a Doppler cuff to measure cardiac output (Q̇), heart rate (fH) and stroke volume (VS) during swimming. Critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) of fish with higher sea lice numbers [2·1 ± 0·1 BL (body lengths) s−1] were significantly lower (P 〈 0·05) than fish with lower numbers (2·4 ± 0·1 BL s−1) and controls (sham infected, 2·6 ± 0·1 BL s−1). After swimming, chloride levels in fish with higher sea lice numbers (184·4 ± 11·3 mmol l−1) increased significantly (54%) from levels at rest and were significantly higher than fish with fewer lice (142·0 ± 3·7 mmol l−1) or control fish (159·5 ± 3·5 mmol l−1). The fH of fish with more lice was 9% slower than the other two groups at Ucrit. This decrease resulted in Q̇ not increasing from resting levels. Sublethal infection by sea lice compromised the overall fitness of Atlantic salmon. The level of sea lice infection used in the present study was lower than has previously been reported to be detrimental to wild Atlantic salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00091.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of electrode positioning in biotelemetry studies estimating muscle activity in fish (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Red and white axial muscle activity of adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was examined using conventional electromyography (EMGx) and activity radio-transmitters (EMGi) at 0·5 and 0.7 body lengths (L) along the body of the fish. Critical swimming trials were conducted and maximum sustainable speeds (Ucrit) were unaffected by the presence of electrodes, being 1·51 ± 21 m s−1 (3.33 ± 0.34 L s−1) (n=44). Regardless of longitudinal position of the electrodes within the musculature, both EMGx s and EMGi s indicated increasing red muscle activity with increasing swimming speed, whereas white muscle fibres were recruited only at speeds 〉 86±5% Ucrit. Telemetered EMGi signals indicated that muscle activity varied significantly for electrodes implanted at different longitudinal positions along the fish (P 〈 0·001). These results suggest that electrode placement is an important influence affecting the signals obtained from radio transmitters that estimate activity and location should be standardized within biotelemetry studies to allow accurate and consistent comparisons of activity between individuals and species. Optimal location for electrode placement was determined to be in the red muscle, towards the tail of the fish (0·7 L).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb02035.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radio-transmitted electromyogram signals as indicators of physical activity in Atlantic salmon (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 51 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Surgical methods developed to implant EMG (electromyogram) transmitters in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were tested to calibrate electromyograms from axial red musculature to swimming speed in a swim speed chamber, and to compare electromyograms of fish from two stocks (Lone and Imsa). Ten Lone and eight Imsa salmon were equipped with internal EMG transmitters. Surgical procedures were acceptable, with 100% survival of all implanted fish during the study. It was possible to calibrate EMG pulse intervals to swimming speed in 14 of the 18 salmon run in the swim speed chamber (r2= 0·35-0·76 for individuals, 0·63 for pooled data). Individuals differed in their EMG resting levels (EMGs recorded at 0·5 ms−1), and so higher correlations were obtained between swimming speed and an activity index (EMG pulse intervals at different speeds/EMG resting levels) (pooled data, r2=0·75). The linear relationship between swimming speed and EMG pulse intervals differed significantly between the two stocks (P〈0·05). This successful calibration of EMGs to swimming speed opens the possibility of calibrating EMGs to oxygen consumption and the measurement of the metabolic costs of activity in field experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01505.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of mitochondrial DNA variation in lake sturgeon (Adpenser fulvescens) from the Moose River basin, Ontario, Canada (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 43 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation of lake sturgeon (Adpenser fulvescens) from the Moose River basin. Our objective was to address various proximate and ultimate factors which may influence the distribution of lake sturgeon mtDNA haplotype lineages in this watershed. The lake sturgeon sampled were characterized by only two mtDNA hapiotypes based on a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with 40 restriction endonucleases and direct sequencing of 275 nucleotides in the mtDNA control region. We detected no heterogeneity in the mtDNA haplotype frequencies of lake sturgeon captured from different sites within rivers including those separated by major hydroelectric installations. However, lake sturgeon from one tributary had significantly different haplotype frequencies than those from other tributaries suggesting that they composed a discrete genetic stock. These results suggest that gene flow among most sites is significant and is an important factor affecting the distribution of mtDNA variation in this species. The genetic structuring and diversity are discussed in relation to lake sturgeon management and conservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb01181.x
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