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  • 1
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    The potential size and duration of an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in British sheep (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-24
    Description: Because there is a theoretical possibility that the British national sheep flock is infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), we examined the extent of a putative epidemic. An age cohort analysis based on numbers of infected cattle, dose responses of cattle and sheep to BSE, levels of exposure to infected feed, and number of BSE-susceptible sheep in the United Kingdom showed that at the putative epidemic peak in 1990, the number of cases of BSE-infected sheep would have ranged from fewer than 10 to about 1500. The model predicts that fewer than 20 clinical cases of BSE in sheep would be expected in 2001 if maternal transmission occurred at a rate of 10%. Although there are large uncertainties in the parameter estimates, all indications are that current prevalence is low; however, a simple model of flock-to-flock BSE transmission shows that horizontal transmission, if it has occurred, could eventually cause a large epidemic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kao, R R -- Gravenor, M B -- Baylis, M -- Bostock, C J -- Chihota, C M -- Evans, J C -- Goldmann, W -- Smith, A J A -- McLean, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):332-5. Epub 2001 Nov 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. rowland.kao@zoo.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11719694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; *Animal Feed ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cohort Studies ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Eating ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Glutamine/genetics ; Great Britain/epidemiology ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Logistic Models ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Prevalence ; Prions/chemistry/genetics ; Probability ; Scrapie/epidemiology/transmission ; Sheep/genetics ; Sheep Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Revealing the history of sheep domestication using retrovirus integrations (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: The domestication of livestock represented a crucial step in human history. By using endogenous retroviruses as genetic markers, we found that sheep differentiated on the basis of their "retrotype" and morphological traits dispersed across Eurasia and Africa via separate migratory episodes. Relicts of the first migrations include the Mouflon, as well as breeds previously recognized as "primitive" on the basis of their morphology, such as the Orkney, Soay, and the Nordic short-tailed sheep now confined to the periphery of northwest Europe. A later migratory episode, involving sheep with improved production traits, shaped the great majority of present-day breeds. The ability to differentiate genetically primitive sheep from more modern breeds provides valuable insights into the history of sheep domestication.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chessa, Bernardo -- Pereira, Filipe -- Arnaud, Frederick -- Amorim, Antonio -- Goyache, Felix -- Mainland, Ingrid -- Kao, Rowland R -- Pemberton, Josephine M -- Beraldi, Dario -- Stear, Michael J -- Alberti, Alberto -- Pittau, Marco -- Iannuzzi, Leopoldo -- Banabazi, Mohammad H -- Kazwala, Rudovick R -- Zhang, Ya-Ping -- Arranz, Juan J -- Ali, Bahy A -- Wang, Zhiliang -- Uzun, Metehan -- Dione, Michel M -- Olsaker, Ingrid -- Holm, Lars-Erik -- Saarma, Urmas -- Ahmad, Sohail -- Marzanov, Nurbiy -- Eythorsdottir, Emma -- Holland, Martin J -- Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo -- Bruford, Michael W -- Kantanen, Juha -- Spencer, Thomas E -- Palmarini, Massimo -- 076522/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 081696/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/F014643/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- HD05274/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD052745/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):532-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1170587.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry/*history ; Animals ; Dna ; Endogenous Retroviruses/*genetics ; Genetic Markers ; History, Ancient ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; Retroviridae/genetics ; *Sheep/classification/genetics/virology ; *Sheep, Domestic/classification/genetics/virology ; Virus Integration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Analysing livestock network data for infectious disease control: an argument for routine data collection in emerging economies (2019)
    The Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-20
    Description: Livestock movements are an important mechanism of infectious disease transmission. Where these are well recorded, network analysis tools have been used to successfully identify system properties, highlight vulnerabilities to transmission, and inform targeted surveillance and control. Here we highlight the main uses of network properties in understanding livestock disease epidemiology and discuss statistical approaches to infer network characteristics from biased or fragmented datasets. We use a ‘hurdle model’ approach that predicts (i) the probability of movement and (ii) the number of livestock moved to generate synthetic ‘complete’ networks of movements between administrative wards, exploiting routinely collected government movement permit data from northern Tanzania. We demonstrate that this model captures a significant amount of the observed variation. Combining the cattle movement network with a spatial between-ward contact layer, we create a multiplex, over which we simulated the spread of ‘fast’ ( R 0 = 3) and ‘slow’ ( R 0 = 1.5) pathogens, and assess the effects of random versus targeted disease control interventions (vaccination and movement ban). The targeted interventions substantially outperform those randomly implemented for both fast and slow pathogens. Our findings provide motivation to encourage routine collection and centralization of movement data to construct representative networks. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’.
    Print ISSN: 0962-8436
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-2970
    Topics: Biology
    Published by The Royal Society
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  • 4
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    The Potential Size and Duration of an Epidemic of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in British Sheep (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-11
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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