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  • 1
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    The cavity and pore helices in the KcsA K+ channel: electrostatic stabilization of monovalent cations (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-03
    Description: The electrostatic influence of the central cavity and pore alpha helices in the potassium ion channel from Streptomyces lividans (KcsA K+ channel) was analyzed by solving the finite difference Poisson equation. The cavity and helices overcome the destabilizing influence of the membrane and stabilize a cation at the membrane center. The electrostatic effect of the pore helices is large compared to that described for water-soluble proteins because of the low dielectric membrane environment. The combined contributions of the ion self-energy and the helix electrostatic field give rise to selectivity for monovalent cations in the water-filled cavity. Thus, the K+ channel uses simple electrostatic principles to solve the fundamental problem of ion destabilization by the cell membrane lipid bilayer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roux, B -- MacKinnon, R -- GM47400/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):100-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉GRTM, Dipartements de Physique et Chimie, Universite de Montreal, Case Postal 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Canada H3C 3J7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Proteins ; Cations, Monovalent/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ion Transport ; Lipid Bilayers ; Models, Molecular ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Static Electricity ; Streptomyces/*chemistry ; Thermodynamics ; Water
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  • 2
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    Structure of the cytoplasmic beta subunit-T1 assembly of voltage-dependent K+ channels (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: The structure of the cytoplasmic assembly of voltage-dependent K+ channels was solved by x-ray crystallography at 2.1 angstrom resolution. The assembly includes the cytoplasmic (T1) domain of the integral membrane alpha subunit together with the oxidoreductase beta subunit in a fourfold symmetric T1(4)beta4 complex. An electrophysiological assay showed that this complex is oriented with four T1 domains facing the transmembrane pore and four beta subunits facing the cytoplasm. The transmembrane pore communicates with the cytoplasm through lateral, negatively charged openings above the T1(4)beta4 complex. The inactivation peptides of voltage-dependent K(+) channels reach their site of action by entering these openings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gulbis, J M -- Zhou, M -- Mann, S -- MacKinnon, R -- GM47400/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):123-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Kv1.1 Potassium Channel ; Kv1.4 Potassium Channel ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Oocytes ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Peptides/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 3
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    Structural conservation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic potassium channels (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-29
    Description: Toxins from scorpion venom interact with potassium channels. Resin-attached, mutant K+ channels from Streptomyces lividans were used to screen venom from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, and the toxins that interacted with the channel were rapidly identified by mass spectrometry. One of the toxins, agitoxin2, was further studied by mutagenesis and radioligand binding. The results show that a prokaryotic K+ channel has the same pore structure as eukaryotic K+ channels. This structural conservation, through application of techniques presented here, offers a new approach for K+ channel pharmacology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacKinnon, R -- Cohen, S L -- Kuo, A -- Lee, A -- Chait, B T -- GM43949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 3;280(5360):106-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. mackinn@rockvax.rockefeller.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9525854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Binding Sites ; Charybdotoxin/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Point Mutation ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Radioligand Assay ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Scorpion Venoms/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Streptomyces/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 4
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    The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-29
    Description: The potassium channel from Streptomyces lividans is an integral membrane protein with sequence similarity to all known K+ channels, particularly in the pore region. X-ray analysis with data to 3.2 angstroms reveals that four identical subunits create an inverted teepee, or cone, cradling the selectivity filter of the pore in its outer end. The narrow selectivity filter is only 12 angstroms long, whereas the remainder of the pore is wider and lined with hydrophobic amino acids. A large water-filled cavity and helix dipoles are positioned so as to overcome electrostatic destabilization of an ion in the pore at the center of the bilayer. Main chain carbonyl oxygen atoms from the K+ channel signature sequence line the selectivity filter, which is held open by structural constraints to coordinate K+ ions but not smaller Na+ ions. The selectivity filter contains two K+ ions about 7.5 angstroms apart. This configuration promotes ion conduction by exploiting electrostatic repulsive forces to overcome attractive forces between K+ ions and the selectivity filter. The architecture of the pore establishes the physical principles underlying selective K+ conduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doyle, D A -- Morais Cabral, J -- Pfuetzner, R A -- Kuo, A -- Gulbis, J M -- Cohen, S L -- Chait, B T -- MacKinnon, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 3;280(5360):69-77.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9525859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Binding Sites ; Cesium/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fourier Analysis ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lipid Bilayers ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Rubidium/metabolism ; Scorpion Venoms/metabolism/pharmacology ; Sodium/metabolism ; Static Electricity ; Streptomyces/chemistry ; Tetraethylammonium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Water
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  • 5
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    Mutations affecting TEA blockade and ion permeation in voltage-activated K+ channels (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-10-12
    Description: Voltage-dependent ion channels are responsible for electrical signaling in neurons and other cells. The main classes of voltage-dependent channels (sodium-, calcium-, and potassium-selective channels) have closely related molecular structures. For one member of this superfamily, the transiently voltage-activated Shaker H4 potassium channel, specific amino acid residues have now been identified that affect channel blockade by the small ion tetraethylammonium, as well as the conduction of ions through the pore. Furthermore, variation at one of these amino acid positions among naturally occurring potassium channels may account for most of their differences in sensitivity to tetraethylammonium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacKinnon, R -- Yellen, G -- GM 43949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 12;250(4978):276-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Electric Conductivity ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Mutations affecting internal TEA blockade identify the probable pore-forming region of a K+ channel (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-22
    Description: The active site of voltage-activated potassium channels is a transmembrane aqueous pore that permits ions to permeate the cell membrane in a rapid yet highly selective manner. A useful probe for the pore of potassium-selective channels is the organic ion tetraethylammonium (TEA), which binds with millimolar affinity to the intracellular opening of the pore and blocks potassium current. In the potassium channel encoded by the Drosophila Shaker gene, an amino acid residue that specifically affects the affinity for intracellular TEA has now been identified by site-directed mutagenesis. This residue is in the middle of a conserved stretch of 18 amino acids that separates two locations that are both near the external opening of the pore. These findings suggest that this conserved region is intimately involved in the formation of the ion conduction pore of voltage-activated potassium channels. Further, a stretch of only eight amino acid residues must traverse 80 percent of the transmembrane electric potential difference.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yellen, G -- Jurman, M E -- Abramson, T -- MacKinnon, R -- GM4399/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 22;251(4996):939-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2000494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Drosophila/genetics ; Genes ; Membrane Potentials ; Models, Structural ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/*pharmacology
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  • 7
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    A functional connection between the pores of distantly related ion channels as revealed by mutant K+ channels (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-13
    Description: The overall sequence similarity between the voltage-activated K+ channels and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels from retinal and olfactory neurons suggests that they arose from a common ancestor. On the basis of sequence comparisons, mutations were introduced into the pore of a voltage-activated K+ channel. These mutations confer the essential features of ion conduction in the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels; the mutant K+ channels display little selectivity among monovalent cations and are blocked by divalent cations. The property of K+ selectivity is related to the presence of two amino acids that are absent from the pore-forming region of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. These data demonstrate that very small differences in the primary structure of an ion channel can account for extreme functional diversity, and they suggest a possible connection between the pore-forming regions of K+, Ca2+, and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heginbotham, L -- Abramson, T -- MacKinnon, R -- GM43949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM47400/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1152-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; Cyclic GMP/pharmacology ; Drosophila ; Electric Conductivity ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Ion Channels/drug effects/*physiology ; Magnesium/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Oocytes/physiology ; Plants ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Retina/ultrastructure ; Transfection ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Mutant potassium channels with altered binding of charybdotoxin, a pore-blocking peptide inhibitor (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-09-22
    Description: The inhibition by charybdotoxin of A-type potassium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes was studied for several splicing variants of the Drosophila Shaker gene and for several site-directed mutants of this channel. Charybdotoxin blocking affinity is lowered by a factor of 3.5 upon replacing glutamate-422 with glutamine, and by a factor of about 12 upon substituting lysine in this position. Replacement of glutamate-422 by aspartate had no effect on toxin affinity. Thus, the glutamate residue at position 422 of this potassium channel is near or in the externally facing mouth of the potassium conduction pathway, and the positively charged toxin is electrostatically focused toward its blocking site by the negative potential set up by glutamate-422.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacKinnon, R -- Miller, C -- AR 19826/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 31768/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS 07292/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Sep 22;245(4924):1382-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2476850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Charybdotoxin ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Ions ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Potassium Channels/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Scorpion Venoms/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transfection ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 9
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    Crystal structure of the eukaryotic strong inward-rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2 at 3.1 A resolution (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: Inward-rectifier potassium (K+) channels conduct K+ ions most efficiently in one direction, into the cell. Kir2 channels control the resting membrane voltage in many electrically excitable cells, and heritable mutations cause periodic paralysis and cardiac arrhythmia. We present the crystal structure of Kir2.2 from chicken, which, excluding the unstructured amino and carboxyl termini, is 90% identical to human Kir2.2. Crystals containing rubidium (Rb+), strontium (Sr2+), and europium (Eu3+) reveal binding sites along the ion conduction pathway that are both conductive and inhibitory. The sites correlate with extensive electrophysiological data and provide a structural basis for understanding rectification. The channel's extracellular surface, with large structured turrets and an unusual selectivity filter entryway, might explain the relative insensitivity of eukaryotic inward rectifiers to toxins. These same surface features also suggest a possible approach to the development of inhibitory agents specific to each member of the inward-rectifier K+ channel family.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819303/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819303/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tao, Xiao -- Avalos, Jose L -- Chen, Jiayun -- MacKinnon, Roderick -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-11/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-12/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-13/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-14/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-16/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-17/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-18/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-19/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1668-74. doi: 10.1126/science.1180310.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Chickens ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Europium/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/antagonists & ; inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; Rubidium/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Strontium/metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Structure of the human BK channel Ca2+-activation apparatus at 3.0 A resolution (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-29
    Description: High-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels encode negative feedback regulation of membrane voltage and Ca2+ signaling, playing a central role in numerous physiological processes. We determined the x-ray structure of the human BK Ca2+ gating apparatus at a resolution of 3.0 angstroms and deduced its tetrameric assembly by solving a 6 angstrom resolution structure of a Na+-activated homolog. Two tandem C-terminal regulator of K+ conductance (RCK) domains from each of four channel subunits form a 350-kilodalton gating ring at the intracellular membrane surface. A sequence of aspartic amino acids that is known as the Ca2+ bowl, and is located within the second of the tandem RCK domains, creates four Ca2+ binding sites on the outer perimeter of the gating ring at the "assembly interface" between RCK domains. Functionally important mutations cluster near the Ca2+ bowl, near the "flexible interface" between RCK domains, and on the surface of the gating ring that faces the voltage sensors. The structure suggests that the Ca2+ gating ring, in addition to regulating the pore directly, may also modulate the voltage sensor.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022345/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022345/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, Peng -- Leonetti, Manuel D -- Pico, Alexander R -- Hsiung, Yichun -- MacKinnon, Roderick -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):182-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1190414. Epub 2010 May 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha ; Subunits/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; Sodium/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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