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  • 1
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    Monte Carlo simulation of ELT-scale multi-object adaptive optics deformable mirror requirements and tolerances (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-26
    Description: Multi-object adaptive optics (MOAO) has been demonstrated by the CANARY instrument on the William Herschel Telescope. However, for proposed MOAO systems on the next-generation extremely large telescopes (ELTs), such as ELT Adaptive optics for GaLaxy Evolution (EAGLE), many challenges remain. Here we investigate requirements that MOAO operation places on deformable mirrors (DMs) using a full end-to-end Monte Carlo adaptive optics (AO) simulation code. By taking into consideration a prior global ground-layer (GL) correction, we show that actuator density for the MOAO DMs can be reduced with little performance loss. We note that this reduction is only possible with the addition of a GL DM, whose order is greater than or equal to that of the original MOAO mirrors. The addition of a GL DM of lesser order does not affect system performance (if tip/tilt star sharpening is ignored). We also quantify the maximum mechanical DM stroke requirements (3.5 μm desired) and provide tolerances for the DM alignment accuracy, both lateral (to within an eighth of a sub-aperture) and rotational (to within 0 $_{.}^{\circ}$ 2). By presenting results over a range of laser guide star asterism diameters, we ensure that these results are equally applicable for laser tomographic AO systems. We provide the opportunity for significant cost savings to be made in the implementation of MOAO systems, resulting from the lower requirement for DM actuator density.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Untangling genomes from metagenomes: revealing an uncultured class of marine Euryarchaeota (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-04
    Description: Ecosystems are shaped by complex communities of mostly unculturable microbes. Metagenomes provide a fragmented view of such communities, but the ecosystem functions of major groups of organisms remain mysterious. To better characterize members of these communities, we developed methods to reconstruct genomes directly from mate-paired short-read metagenomes. We closed a genome representing the as-yet uncultured marine group II Euryarchaeota, assembled de novo from 1.7% of a metagenome sequenced from surface seawater. The genome describes a motile, photo-heterotrophic cell focused on degradation of protein and lipids and clarifies the origin of proteorhodopsin. It also demonstrates that high-coverage mate-paired sequence can overcome assembly difficulties caused by interstrain variation in complex microbial communities, enabling inference of ecosystem functions for uncultured members.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iverson, Vaughn -- Morris, Robert M -- Frazar, Christian D -- Berthiaume, Chris T -- Morales, Rhonda L -- Armbrust, E Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 3;335(6068):587-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1212665.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeal Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Biota ; *Ecosystem ; Enzymes/genetics/metabolism ; Euryarchaeota/classification/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Genes, Archaeal ; *Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Lipid Metabolism/genetics ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; *Metagenome ; Microbial Consortia ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pacific Ocean ; Peptide Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Proteins/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/genetics ; Rhodopsins, Microbial ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PATTERN OF GRAZING IN ‘CONTINUOUSLY’ GRAZED SWARDS (1969)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The frequency and severity of defoliation of small sample areas, 8 × 8 cm, was studied in swards of S37 cocksfoot which were maintained at different levels of leaf-area index by continuous grazing with lambs. By varying the number of lambs grazing a plot, the LAI was maintained at three approximately constant levels, 5.3 (H), 4.1 (M), and 3.0 (L). Any one 8 × 8 cm area was grazed on average once every 36 days in treatment H, 24 days in treatment M and 19 days in treatment L. Approximately 24% of the total length of leaf present per tiller was removed each time a tiller was grazed, under all treatments. The lambs tended to graze patches of herbage about 16 × 16 cm, then move to a different place in the sward. These results are discussed in relation to grazing practices aimed at securing the maximum harvested yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1969.tb01046.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of separated cow slurry liquor on soil and herbage nitrogen in Phalaris arundinacea and Lolium perenne (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 50 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Simulated swards of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L) and ryegrass received applications of separated cow slurry liquor in winter, at rates up to the equivalent of 500 m3ha−1. Subsequent measurement of oxidized nitrogen in the soil under the different species indicated that lower levels of soluble forms of nitrogen were found under the reed canary grass than were under the ryegrass sward. At the first harvest after liquor application, the dry weight yield of reed canary grass responded positively to increasing applications of slurry liquor, but the ryegrass sward appeared to be damaged by very high rates of application. At later harvests, yields of the two species were similar, but over the season, apparent recovery of the nitrogen applied to the swards was greater in the reed canary grass than in ryegrass, suggesting that this species could be of value in the control of losses of nutrients from livestock wastes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02303.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE SEASONAL PATTERN OF DRY-MATTER PRODUCTION OF GRASSES IN THE NORTH PENNINES (1972)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 27 (1972), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The seasonal pattern of DM prodaction of Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Festuca ovina and Agrostis stolonifera. cnt to 3 cm at 6-week intervals was studied on five sites, ranging from 49 to 303 m above sea level, in north-west Lancashire. Total annual production declined from a mean of 704 g/m2 on the lowest site, to 553 g/m2 on the highest, largely as a result of a severe depression in the spring peak of production, i.e. from 6.7 to 2.5 g/m2 per day. Later in the year, the daily rate of DM production was similar on all sites. Species varied in their response to increased altitude; Lolium was worst affected by this and Festuca least. The significance of these results, and possible reasons for the decline in spring production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972.tb00704.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE RATE OF WATER LOSS FROM GRASS SAMPLES DURING HAY-TYPE CONSERVATION (1972)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 27 (1972), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The loss of water from small bulk samples of five grass species was studied under constant conditions of humidity, temperature and lighting. A logarithmic curve was fitted to the data and the different species compared on the basis of a loss coefficient derived from the fitted curve. The species varied significantly in this aspect; those with high surface-area to dry-weight ratios generally lost water fastest The presence of stem material appeared to increase the rate of water loss considerably. High humidity during drying caused the grasses to lose water more slowly and to retain much more water at equilibrium with the surrounding air. Chemical treatments to speed water loss, using a solvent and a fungal toxin were tested. Both appear to have some promise. Selection for high water loss in grass breeding may also be possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972.tb00693.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paramagnetic carbon monoxide on magnesium oxide (1980)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 102 (1980), S. 3419-3424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00530a019
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEASONAL PATTERNS OF DIGESTIBLE ORGANIC MATTER AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION FROM GRASSES IN THE NORTH PENNINES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The seasonal pattern of digestible organic matter (DOM) and crude-protein production of Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina and Agrostis stolonifera cut to 3 cm at 6-week intervals was studied at five sites ranging from 49 to 303 m above sea level in north-west Lancashire for the years 1969–70.DOM production declined from 482 g/m2 on the lowest site to 220 g/m2 on the highest; similarly protein production declined from 142 g/m2 to 73 g/m2. Small but significant differences in the percentage of crude protein occurred only ia 1970, whereas DOM as a percentage of DM in the various species differed considerably between sites in both years. The significance of the results and the seasonal fluctuations in production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00717.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE USE OF CUTTING TREATMENTS DESIGNED TO SIMULATE DEFOLIATION BY SHEEP (1970)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 25 (1970), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A series of cutting treatments was designed to simulate the defoliation process under sheep grazing, in order to obtain more accurate measures of the production processes in the sward than can be obtained in the presence of the grazing animal. Two rotational grazing managements were simulated, together with three continuous grazing managements involving the maintenance of a roughly constant LAI within a sward, as described earlier (10). Harvested yield was measured, and the dry weight of material which died without heing harvested was estimated. From these, gross aerial growth, i.e., the amount of new living material produced in the sward, was calculated. The maximum harvested yield was obtained by rotational defoliation to 3 cm every 4 weeks, hut this was derived from the minimum gross aerial growth. Maximum gross aerial growth occurred under the simulated continuous grazing treatments at the higher levels of LAI. This difference was due largely to the death and subsequent decay of leaves. Up to 50% of the material which grew was lost in this way. The need to distinguish between growth and harvested yield when evaluating grazing managements was stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1970.tb00615.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrition planning (1977)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 268 (1977), S. 194-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR,-In his attack on the present state of nutrition planning (30 June, page 742), Donald McLaren makes some characteristically trenchant points regarding the nature of the world's food 'problem', but seems to be attacking the wrong target. Surely the failure of the Green Revolution, as failure it ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/268194b0
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