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  • 1
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    Biodegradable polymers for the environment (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: Biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade upon disposal by the action of living organisms. Extraordinary progress has been made in the development of practical processes and products from polymers such as starch, cellulose, and lactic acid. The need to create alternative biodegradable water-soluble polymers for down-the-drain products such as detergents and cosmetics has taken on increasing importance. Consumers have, however, thus far attached little or no added value to the property of biodegradability, forcing industry to compete head-to-head on a cost-performance basis with existing familiar products. In addition, no suitable infrastructure for the disposal of biodegradable materials exists as yet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gross, Richard A -- Kalra, Bhanu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):803-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Polytechnic University, National Science Foundation Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. rgross@duke.poly.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodegradation, Environmental ; Cellulose/chemistry/metabolism ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/*prevention & control ; Fermentation ; Hydrolysis ; Molecular Structure ; Plastics/chemistry/metabolism ; Polyesters/chemistry/metabolism ; Polymers/*chemistry/economics/*metabolism ; Solubility ; Starch/chemistry/metabolism ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A call for transparent reporting to optimize the predictive value of preclinical research (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-13
    Description: The US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke convened major stakeholders in June 2012 to discuss how to improve the methodological reporting of animal studies in grant applications and publications. The main workshop recommendation is that at a minimum studies should report on sample-size estimation, whether and how animals were randomized, whether investigators were blind to the treatment, and the handling of data. We recognize that achieving a meaningful improvement in the quality of reporting will require a concerted effort by investigators, reviewers, funding agencies and journal editors. Requiring better reporting of animal studies will raise awareness of the importance of rigorous study design to accelerate scientific progress.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511845/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511845/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Landis, Story C -- Amara, Susan G -- Asadullah, Khusru -- Austin, Chris P -- Blumenstein, Robi -- Bradley, Eileen W -- Crystal, Ronald G -- Darnell, Robert B -- Ferrante, Robert J -- Fillit, Howard -- Finkelstein, Robert -- Fisher, Marc -- Gendelman, Howard E -- Golub, Robert M -- Goudreau, John L -- Gross, Robert A -- Gubitz, Amelie K -- Hesterlee, Sharon E -- Howells, David W -- Huguenard, John -- Kelner, Katrina -- Koroshetz, Walter -- Krainc, Dimitri -- Lazic, Stanley E -- Levine, Michael S -- Macleod, Malcolm R -- McCall, John M -- Moxley, Richard T 3rd -- Narasimhan, Kalyani -- Noble, Linda J -- Perrin, Steve -- Porter, John D -- Steward, Oswald -- Unger, Ellis -- Utz, Ursula -- Silberberg, Shai D -- P01 NS012151/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 MH062261/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS006477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034774/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS041574/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH020016/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 NS007280/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024160/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Z99 NS999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 11;490(7419):187-91. doi: 10.1038/nature11556.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Publishing/*standards/trends ; Random Allocation ; Research Design/*standards ; Sample Size ; Statistics as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Chemistry. Chemicals from biomass (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-11-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dodds, David R -- Gross, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1250-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dodds & Associates LLC, Manlius, NY 13104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; *Biotechnology ; *Chemical Industry ; Fermentation ; *Organic Chemicals/chemistry ; Polymers/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High poloidal beta equilibria in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor limited by a natural inboard poloidal field null (1991)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 3 (1991), S. 2277-2284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recent operation of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Plasma Phys. Controlled Nucl. Fusion Research 1, 51 (1986)] has produced plasma equilibria with values of Λ≡βp eq+li/2 as large as 7, εβp dia≡2μ0ε〈p⊥〉/〈〈Bp〉〉2 as large as 1.6, and Troyon normalized diamagnetic beta [Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 26, 209 (1984); Phys. Lett. 110A, 29 (1985)], βNdia≡108〈βt⊥〉aB0/Ip as large as 4.7. When εβp dia(approximately-greater-than)1.25, a separatrix entered the vacuum chamber, producing a naturally diverted discharge that was sustained for many energy confinement times, τE. The largest values of εβp and plasma stored energy were obtained when the plasma current was ramped down prior to neutral beam injection. The measured peak ion and electron temperatures were as large as 24 and 8.5 keV, respectively. Plasma stored energy in excess of 2.5 MJ and τE greater than 130 msec were obtained. Confinement times of greater than 3 times that expected from L-mode predictions have been achieved. The fusion power gain QDD reached a value of 1.3×10−3 in a discharge with Ip=1 MA and εβp dia=0.85. A large, sustained negative loop voltage during the steady-state portion of the discharge indicates that a substantial noninductive component of Ip exists in these plasmas. Transport code analysis indicates that the bootstrap current constitutes up to 65% of Ip. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ballooning stability analysis shows that, while these plasmas are near, or at the βp limit, the pressure gradient in the plasma core is in the first region of stability to high-n modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.859647
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of a biogenetically unprecedented side chain in the marine sterol, gorgosterol (1970)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (1970), S. 2179-2180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00710a089
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and absolute configuration at low temperature of the acetate derivative of plexaurolone, a marine cembranoid (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 36 (1980), S. 1901-1907 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567740880007431
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: solid waste ; composting ; methanogenesis ; degradation ; cellulose acetate ; biodegradability ; anaerobic bioreactor ; biodegradation testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cellulose acetate (CA) films with degree of substitution (d.s.) values of 1.7 and 2.5 were exposed to biologically active in-laboratory composting test vessels maintained at approximately 53 °C. The CA 1.7- and 2.5-d.s. films (thickness values of ∼0.5–1.0 and 2.0 mil, respectively) had completely disappeared by the end of 7- and 18-day exposure time periods in the biologically active bioreactors, respectively. The relatively small CA film weight loss observed in the poisoned control test vessels allows the conclusion that CA film erosion during the composting exposures resulted, at least in part, from biologically mediated processes. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, an active methanogenic inoculum was developed by acclimation of a sewage sludge to a synthetic municipal solid waste (SMSW) mixture at 42°C. The CA 1.7-d.s. film samples (0.5- to 1.0-mil thickness) were exposed in anaerobic serum bottles containing a 25% solids loading of SMSW in which methanogenic activity was rapidly established after introducing of the developed inoculum. For exposures of 30 days only small visually distinguishable fragments of the CA 1.7-d.s. films were recovered. In contrast, exposure of the CA 1.7-d.s. film to a poisoned control test vessel resulted in negligible weight loss. Therefore, degradation of the CA 1.7-d.s. films upon exposure to the anaerobic bioreactors was due, at least in part, to biologically mediated processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic compost environments (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 281-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cellulose acetate ; degree of substitution ; polymer degradation ; polymer mineralization ; municipal solid waste ; surface colonization ; respirometry ; biodegradation testing ; molecular weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Residual cellulose acetate (CA) films with initial degree of substitution (DS) values of 1.7 and 2.5 (CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) were recovered from a simulated thermophilic compost exposure and characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine changes in polymer molecular weight and DS and to study microbial colonization and surface morphology, respectively. During the aerobic degradation of CA DS-1.7 and CA DS-2.5 films exposed for 7 and 18 days, respectively, the number-average molecular weight (M n) of residual polymer decreased by 30.4% on day 5 and 20.3% on day 16, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in the degree of substitution from 1.69 to 1.27 (4-day exposure) and from 2.51 to 2.18 (12-day exposure) was observed for the respective CA samples. In contrast, CA films (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) which were exposed to abiotic control vessels for identical time periods showed no significant changes inM n and DS. SEM photographs of CA (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) film surfaces after compost exposures revealed severe erosion and corresponding microbial colonization. Similar exposure times for CA films in abiotic control vessels resulted in only minor changes in surface characteristics by SEM observations. The conversion of CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 to CO2 was monitored by respirometry. In these studies, powdered CA was placed in a predigested compost matrix which was maintained at 53°C and 60% moisture content throughout the incubation period. A lag phase of 10- and 25-day duration for CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5, respectively, was observed, after which the rate of degradation increased rapidly. Mineralization of exposed CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 powders reported as the percentage theoretical CO2 recovered reached 72.4 and 77.6% in 24 and 60 days, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that microbial degradation of CA films exposed to aerobic thermophilic laboratory-scale compost reactors not only results in film weight loss but also causes severe film pitting and a corresponding decrease in chainM n and degree of substitution for the residual material. Furthermore, conversions to greater than 70% of the theoretical recovered CO2 for CA (DS 1.7 and 2.5) substrates indicate high degrees of CA mineralization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458295
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological study of biodegradable blends of starch and polyvinyl alcohol (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Corn starch ; polyvinyl alcohol ; biodegradable blends ; rheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The rheological behavior of biodegradable blends of starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) was measured as a function of temperature, shear rate, and moisture content using a capillary rheometer. An excellent correlation was found with a rheological model which was used as a means to characterize the influence of starch/PVOH content as well as a qualification of the viscosity for simulation studies. This model consisted of a power law dependence on shear rate, an Arrhenius dependence on temperature, and an exponential dependence on moisture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02068467
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrolytic degradation of PCL/PEO copolymers in alkaline media (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 11 (2000), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract PCL/PEO copolymers with different compositions were obtained from ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone in the presence of ethylene oxide and characterized by various analytical techniques. Data collected from DSC and X-ray diffractometry suggested that the copolymer chains possess a blocky structure, leading to both PCL and PEO-type crystalline structures. Hydrolytic degradation of these copolymers was carried out in a pH=10.6 carbonate buffer solution at 37 °C. Comparison was made with a PCL homopolymer and a PCL/PEG blend which had the same gross composition as one of the copolymers. The results showed that the presence of PEO sequences considerably enhanced the hydrophilicity of the copolymers as compared with PCL homopolymer. Nevertheless, the degradability of PCL chains was not enhanced due to the phase separation between the two components. These materials should be of great interest for biomedical uses such as matrices for sustained drug delivery because of the presence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic microdomains. ©2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008920326988
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