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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-01-31
    Description: Divergent sexual selection within allopatric populations may result in divergent sexual phenotypes, which can act as reproductive barriers between populations upon secondary contact. This hypothesis has been most tested on traits involved in precopulatory sexual selection, with less work focusing on traits that act after copulation and before fertilization (i.e., postcopulatory prezygotic traits), particularly in internally fertilizing vertebrates. However, postcopulatory sexual selection within species can also drive trait divergence, resulting in reduced performance of heterospecific sperm within the female reproductive tract. Such incompatibilities, arising as a by-product of divergent postcopulatory sexual selection in allopatry, can represent reproductive barriers, analogous to species-assortative mating preferences. Here, we tested for postcopulatory prezygotic reproductive barriers between three pairs of taxa with diverged sperm phenotypes and moderate-to-high opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection (barn swallows Hirundo rustica versus sand martins Riparia riparia , two subspecies of bluethroats, Luscinia svecica svecica versus L. s. namnetum, and great tits Parus major versus blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus ). We tested sperm swimming performance in fluid from the outer reproductive tract of females, because the greatest reduction in sperm number in birds occurs as sperm swim across the vagina. Contrary to our expectations, sperm swam equally well in fluid from conspecific and heterospecific females, suggesting that postcopulatory prezygotic barriers do not act between these taxon pairs, at this stage between copulation and fertilization. We therefore suggest that divergence in sperm phenotypes in allopatry is insufficient to cause widespread postcopulatory prezygotic barriers in the form of impaired sperm swimming performance in passerine birds. Within three pairs of bird taxa that have moderate-to-high levels of postcopulatory sexual selection, we tested how sperm perform in conspecific and heterospecific female environments. Despite diverged sperm characteristics within each pair of taxa, we found no evidence that females discriminate against heterospecific sperm. It may be uncommon for postcopulatory prezygotic barriers to arise between allopatric bird populations, at the stage that we tested.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-7758
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Epigenetic reprogramming of myeloid cells, also known as trained immunity, confers nonspecific protection from secondary infections. Using histone modification profiles of human monocytes trained with the Candida albicans cell wall constituent beta-glucan, together with a genome-wide transcriptome, we identified the induced expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism. Trained monocytes display high glucose consumption, high lactate production, and a high ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to its reduced form (NADH), reflecting a shift in metabolism with an increase in glycolysis dependent on the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) through a dectin-1-Akt-HIF-1alpha (hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha) pathway. Inhibition of Akt, mTOR, or HIF-1alpha blocked monocyte induction of trained immunity, whereas the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activator metformin inhibited the innate immune response to fungal infection. Mice with a myeloid cell-specific defect in HIF-1alpha were unable to mount trained immunity against bacterial sepsis. Our results indicate that induction of aerobic glycolysis through an Akt-mTOR-HIF-1alpha pathway represents the metabolic basis of trained immunity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226238/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226238/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheng, Shih-Chin -- Quintin, Jessica -- Cramer, Robert A -- Shepardson, Kelly M -- Saeed, Sadia -- Kumar, Vinod -- Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J -- Martens, Joost H A -- Rao, Nagesha Appukudige -- Aghajanirefah, Ali -- Manjeri, Ganesh R -- Li, Yang -- Ifrim, Daniela C -- Arts, Rob J W -- van der Veer, Brian M J W -- Deen, Peter M T -- Logie, Colin -- O'Neill, Luke A -- Willems, Peter -- van de Veerdonk, Frank L -- van der Meer, Jos W M -- Ng, Aylwin -- Joosten, Leo A B -- Wijmenga, Cisca -- Stunnenberg, Hendrik G -- Xavier, Ramnik J -- Netea, Mihai G -- 1P30GM106394-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5P30GM103415-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- DK097485/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK43351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 GM103415/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 GM106394/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI081838/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK097485/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01AI81838/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1250684. doi: 10.1126/science.1250684.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. ; 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, 12462 Athens, Greece. ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. ; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. mihai.netea@radboudumc.nl.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis/immunology ; Animals ; Candida albicans/immunology ; Candidiasis/immunology/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glycolysis/*immunology ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics/*metabolism ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Immunologic Memory/*genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Sepsis/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Staphylococcal Infections/immunology/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptome ; beta-Glucans/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-09-08
    Description: Humans inhale mold conidia daily and typically experience lifelong asymptomatic clearance. Conidial germination into tissue-invasive hyphae can occur in individuals with defects in myeloid function, although the mechanism of myeloid cell–mediated immune surveillance remains unclear. By monitoring fungal physiology in vivo, we demonstrate that lung neutrophils trigger programmed cell death with apoptosis-like features in Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, the most prevalent human mold pathogen. An antiapoptotic protein, AfBIR1, opposes this process by inhibiting fungal caspase activation and DNA fragmentation in the murine lung. Genetic and pharmacologic studies indicate that AfBIR1 expression and activity underlie conidial susceptibility to NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase-dependent killing and, in turn, host susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. Immune surveillance exploits a fungal apoptosis-like programmed cell death pathway to maintain sterilizing immunity in the lung.
    Keywords: Immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Aouacheria et al . question the interpretation of contemporary assays to monitor programmed cell death with apoptosis-like features (A-PCD) in Aspergillus fumigatus . Although our study focuses on fungal A-PCD for host immune surveillance and infectious outcomes, the experimental approach incorporates multiple independent A-PCD markers and genetic manipulations based on fungal rather than mammalian orthologs to circumvent the limitations associated with any single approach.
    Keywords: Immunology, Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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