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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of secondary ion yield data from amorphous and polycrystalline iron-based alloys (1982)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 54 (1982), S. 290-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00239a031
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel medium-energy ion emitter for active spacecraft potential control (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 2293-2297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An ion emission instrument has been developed to actively control the electrostatic surface potential of a spacecraft in orbit. Spacecraft surfaces tend to charge positive when their conductive surfaces are partially sunlit, and photoelectrons emitted, and the spacecraft is positioned outside of the very dense plasma region which is referred to as plasmasphere. A small, lightweight instrument with a lifetime of more than 104 h at a nominal emission current of 10 μA was the design goal. The ion emitter is based on the liquid metal ion source principle; a constant stream of liquified indium is evaporated from the tip of a needle and ionized; the ions are then extracted by a strong electric field. The size of the instrument is about 18 by 15 by 23 cm (length×width×height) and the entire instrument weighs about 1.9 kg and consumes 2.4 W of electrical power in the nominal emission mode. An instrument of this type is already operational on the Japanese Geotail spacecraft, while five more instruments are at the stage of flight model assembly for integration on the Russian Interball satellite and the ESA/NASA four-spacecraft Cluster mission. The Geotail instrument is functioning as expected. Preliminary results show that the ion emitter is able to reduce surface potentials of +70 V (highest value observed up to now) down to 2–4 V.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143924
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of electron beam techniques to study ion deposition in secondary ion mass spectrometry sputter craters (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 2727-2732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron beam techniques have been used to examine the topography and composition of sputter craters formed by an indium primary ion beam from a liquid metal ion source during secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis. Secondary electron images in a scanning electron microscope revealed the crater topography but the presence of implanted In from the primary ion beam could not be detected using an energy dispersive x-ray detector. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to detect the presence of In in the craters, and to establish the qualitative distribution of elements in and around the craters at the surface. Surface contamination of the specimens prevented quantitative interpretation. The total indium concentration distribution across the craters was measured in an electron probe microanalyzer with a crystal spectrometer. The technique can be used to measure total In in the bottom of the crater from which total sputter yield can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335414
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automated peak interpretation in low resolution SIMS spectra; a comparison of two algorithms
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Vacuum 33 (1983), S. 321-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0042-207X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0042-207X(83)90100-8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Further step towards three-dimensional elemental analysis of solids (1981)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 76 (1981), S. 375-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur dreidimensionalen konstitutionellen Mikroanalyse von Festkörpern wurde beschrieben. In einer computerisierten Ionenmikrosonde werden die Sekundärionenströme in jedem „Voxel“ eines dreidimensionalen Gitters gespeichert, während die Probe vom Primärionenstrahl zerstäubt wird. Durch Umordnen von „Voxel“-Daten kann Information über die dreidimensionale Elementverteilung in geeigneter Weise auf einem Bildschirm dargestellt werden. In einer neuen Displaymethode, der „Transaxialen Projektion“, können Lateralverteilung und Tiefenverteilung eines Elementes in einem Festkörper im gleichen digitalen Bild dargestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary Three-dimensional constitutional analysis of solid samples has been performed by using a computerized scanning ion-microprobe. Elemental ion currents are stored in each voxel of a three-dimensional scene. Rearranging of voxel data by the computer allows convenient display of three-dimensional data on two-dimensional display media. A particularly useful display mode is the “transaxial projection”, allowing depth distribution and lateral distribution of an element to be displayed in the same digital image. The inherent resolution limits of this three-dimensional method make it particularly useful in the analysis of microelectronic devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196959
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulsed operation of a liquid metal ion source (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 167-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Short ion pulses (∼100 ns FWHM) have been produced from an In liquid metal ion source (LMIS) of the needle type by superimposing short voltage pulses (∼500 ns) onto a subcritical extraction field. Extractor-pulsed LMIS are thought to be useful as primary ion sources in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers, particularly for space applications, where extended charge life time and reduced power consumption are of great importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618881
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experiment to study and control the Langmuir sheath around INTERBALL-2 (1998)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 16 (1998), S. 1086-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Space plasma physics (active perturbation experiments; spacecraft sheaths, wakes, charging; instruments and techniques).
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The satellite INTERBALL-2 has an orbit with high inclination (62.8°), covering the altitude range between a few hundred and about 20000 km. The ambient plasma conditions along this orbit are highly variable, and the interactions of this plasma with the spacecraft body as well as the photo-electron sheath around it are considered to be interesting topics for detailed studies. The electric potential of the spacecraft with respect to the ambient plasma that develops as a result of the current equilibrium reacts sensitively to variations of the boundary conditions. The measurement and eventual control of this potential is a prerequisite for accurate measurements of the thermal plasma. We describe the purpose and technical implementation of an ion emitter instrument on-board INTERBALL-2 utilising ion beams at energies of several thousand electron volts in order to reduce and stabilise the positive spacecraft potential. First results of the active ion beam experiments, and other measures taken on INTERBALL-2 to reduce charging are presented. Furthermore, the approach and initial steps of modelling efforts of the sheath in the vicinity of the INTERBALL-2 spacecraft are described together with some estimates on the resulting spacecraft potential, and effects on thermal ion measurements. It is concluded that even moderate spacecraft potentials as are commonly observed on-board INTERBALL-2 can significantly distort the measurements of ion distribution functions, especially in the presence of strongly aniso-tropic distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1086-6
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spacecraft potential control aboard Equator-S as a test for Cluster-II (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 17 (1999), S. 1582-1591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Space plasma physics (active perturbation experiments ; spacecraft sheaths ; wakes ; charging ; instruments and techniques)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The payload of Equator-S was complemented by the potential control device (PCD) to stabilise the electric potential of the spacecraft with respect to the ambient plasma. Low potentials are essential for accurate measurements of the thermal plasma. The design of PCD is inherited from instruments for Geotail and Cluster and utilises liquid metal ion sources generating a beam of indium ions at several keV. The set-up of the instrument and its interaction with the plasma instruments on board is presented. When the instrument was switched on during commissioning, unexpectedly high ignition and operating voltages of some ion emitters were observed. An extensive investigation was initiated and the results, which lead to an improved design for Cluster-II, are summarised. The cause of the abnormal behaviour could be linked to surface contamination of some emitters, which will be monitored and cured by on-board procedures in future. The mission operations on Equator-S were not at all affected, because of the high redundancy built into the instrument so that a sufficient number of perfectly operating emitters were available and were turned on routinely throughout the mission. Observations of the effect of spacecraft potential control on the plasma remained limited to just one event on January 8, 1998, which is analysed in detail. It is concluded that the ion beam lead to the predicted improvement of the particle measurements even outside the low density regions of the magnetosphere where the effect of spacecraft potential control would have been much more pronounced, and that the similar instruments for the four Cluster-II spacecraft to be launched in 2000 will be very important to ensure accurate plasma data from this mission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1582-3
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACTIVE SPACECRAFT POTENTIAL CONTROL (1997)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 79 (1997), S. 271-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Charging of the outer surface or of the entire structure of a spacecraft in orbit can have a severe impact on the scientific output of the instruments. Typical floating potentials for magnetospheric satellites (from +1 to several tens of volts in sunlight) make it practically impossible to measure the cold (several eV) component of the ambient plasma. Effects of spacecraft charging are reduced by an entirely conductive surface of the spacecraft and by active charge neutralisation, which in the case of Cluster only deals with a positive potential. The Cluster spacecraft are instrumented with ion emitters of the liquid-metal ion-source type, which will produce indium ions at 5 to 8 keV energy. The operating principle is field evaporation of indium in the apex field of a needle. The advantages are low power consumption, compactness and high mass efficiency. The ion current will be adjusted in a feedback loop with instruments measuring the spacecraft potential (EFW and PEACE). A stand-alone mode is also foreseen as a back-up. The design and principles of the operation of the active spacecraft potential control instrument (ASPOC) are presented in detail. Flight experience with a similar instrument on the Geotail spacecraft is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004921614592
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vergleichende SIMS- und AES-Tiefenprofil-Analysen an einem Ni/Cr-Vielschicht-System (1984)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 319 (1984), S. 786-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01226772
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