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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proximate and ultimate factors influencing oviposition site selection by endoparasites on conifer seed cones: two sympatric dipteran species on larch (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition site selection ; Strobilomyia laricis ; Strobilomyia viaria ; seed cone ; preference ; performance ; specialist herbivores ; oviposition avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A three-year field study was carried out to investigate proximate and ultimate influences on oviposition site selection by Strobilomyia laricis Michelsen and S. viaria (Huckett) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), two sympatric flies whose maggots develop in young seed cones of eastern larch, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. In 1990 and 1991, when the cone crop was light, the egg distribution at peak egg lay was uniform for both species, suggesting that females of both species recognized and avoided oviposition sites previously occupied by conspecifics. Strobilomyia viaria, which emerged two weeks after S. laricis, also avoided ovipositing on seed cones occupied by S. laricis. Thus, the egg distribution of S. laricis determined, to a large extent, the distribution of S. viaria. In 1992, a year when the cone crop was very light, and egg densities per cone were high, ovipositing females of both species apparently preferred cones with few versus many conspecifics. Host size also influenced oviposition site selection in S. laricis and S. viaria. In two of three years, both species selected longer cones for oviposition. A significant proportion of the variation in egg densities of both species was attributable to trees but not to cone density per tree. Egg distribution was influenced occasionally by cone phenology and cone location within tree crowns. During the only year when egg densities per cone were high, preference for unoccupied oviposition sites resulted in increased larval survival, and in one of the other two years, preference for longer cones resulted in greater weight by the end of larval development, suggesting that oviposition preferences were adaptative. Cone phenology (at the time of oviposition) and position (crown aspect or level) had no significant influence on larval weight. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that oviposition preference and offspring performance should be closely linked when females oviposit on the host in which their offspring must complete development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003286823299
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel activity pattern of a nocturnal moth,Zeiraphera canadensis, in nature (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Zeiraphera canadensis ; diel activity pattern ; hygrothermal stress ; flight temperature threshold ; oviposition behaviour ; mating behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spruce bud moth,Zeiraphera canadensis Mutt & Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), displayed a bimodal activity pattern in two young white spruce,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, plantations. During the day, when temperatures were highest and relative humidities lowest, most moths remained in the lower crown, presumably in response to the risk of hygrothermal stress and/or predation. Flight activity peaks occurred near dawn and dusk. Moths moved higher in the crowns shortly after sunset and many were observed flying above the tree canopy. This activity peak was associated with oviposition and mating. Oviposition started at sunset and continued for approximately 3 h. Females probed oviposition sites with their ovipositor before ovipositing, suggesting that they use sensillae on the ovipositor to evaluate potential oviposition sites. Most mating occurred between 22∶00 and 04∶00 h. Males hovered adjacent to branches containing females before alighting. After alighting, males usually approached to within 2–5 cm of females and then remained motionless for a short time before attempting mounting, indicating that some short-range communication usually occurs prior to mating. Reduced flight activity between midnight and dawn was not due to low temperatures, which were above the minimal temperatures for flight for males (10°C) and females (12°C) determined in the laboratory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383416
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between size and temperature influence fecundity and longevity of a tortricid moth, Zeiraphera canadensis (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 93 (1993), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Longevity ; Fecundity ; Temperature-body size interactions ; Stabilizing selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. & Free., the spruce bud moth, were reared in the laboratory at constant and alternating temperatures, and in an outdoor insectary, to (1) determine the effects of temperature, age and size on several reproductive parameters and, (2) to test the hypothesis that body size-temperature interactions influence longevity and realized fecundity. Egg maturation was linearly related to age and large moths developed eggs at a higher rate than small ones. Mcan lifetime oviposition rate reached a maximum and remained stable at temperatures ≥20° C while the mean lifetime rate of egg maturation increased linearly with temperature, indicating that higher temperatures adversely affect oviposition. The production of nonviable eggs increased with age but also with temperature, suggesting high temperature (≥25° C) reduces egg quality and/or hinders fertilization. The realized fecundity and longevity of females reared under an alternating temperature regime (mean 20° C) was significantly less than that of females reared at constant 20° C. Similar realized fecundity, longevity and mean lifetime oviposition rates for females reared at temperatures alternating between 10 and 25° C (mean 20° C) and those at constant 25° C reflected the inability of females to recover from elevated diurnal temperatures. Longevity was positively related to female body size at constant 15 and 20° C but the relationships were negative for moths exposed to diurnal temperatures equal to or exceeding 25° C. Due to the reduced longevity of large moths at high temperatures, linear regressions between size and realized fecundity were only significant at constant temperatures ≤20° C. At higher temperatures, the size-fecundity relationship became curvilinear as a result of the diminished reproductive output of large individuals. Reduced fecundity and longevity of large females at high temperatures may have been due to elevated internal temperatures of large-bodied moths. Large females in a controlled-environment chamber maintained at 25° C developed an internal temperature excess (i.e. temperature above ambient) of nearly 2° C while small-bodied females exceeded ambient by only 0.3° C. However, when held at 20° C, the temperature excess of large-bodied moths was much less than 1° C and small-bodied females did not differ from ambient. Such interactions between temperature and body size suggest that there should be stabilizing selection toward moderate-sized individuals and may explain the absence of size-related effects on fecundity and longevity previously reported for several other lepidopterans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317676
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a Host-Marking Pheromone in White Spruce Cone Fly, Strobilomyia neanthracina (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 709-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Marking pheromones ; cone maggots ; cone flies ; Strobilomyia neanthracina ; spruce ; foraging behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cone flies (Strobilomyia spp.) lay eggs on coniferous cones, and larvae must complete development within the cone on which the eggs are laid. Previous field surveys showed that egg distributions of several species are uniform, suggesting that females avoid ovipositing on cones with conspecific eggs or larvae. In both the field and laboratory, S. neanthracina females walked around cones following oviposition, touching their mouthparts to the cone as they walked. In laboratory bioassays, where females were presented with a cone on which they or another female had oviposited and touched with mouthparts, or one without an egg, females laid preferentially on cones without eggs. However, females laid randomly when presented with a cone on which a female had oviposited but been prevented from touching with her mouthparts following oviposition or another cone without an egg. This indicates that females deposit a host-marking pheromone with their mouthparts following oviposition and that this deters further oviposition on marked hosts. Laboratory and field bioassays indicated that the host-marking pheromone is located in the head and thorax of female flies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022346320378
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  • 5
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    An endophytic fungus interacts with crown level and larval density to reduce the survival of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on white spruce (Picea glauca) (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-01
    Description: A two-year field study was carried out to determine whether inoculating white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, with a native endophytic fungus, Phialocephala scopiformis DAOM 229536 Kowalski & Kehr (Helotiales, Ascomycota), decreased the performance of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, developing on these trees. Second instars were reared at three densities in the mid crown and at one density in the lower, mid, and upper crown. Larval survival (i.e., survival of larvae to pupation) was lower on endophyte-inoculated trees than on control trees in the mid crown and especially the upper crown but was similar in the lower crown, resulting in a significant interaction between endophyte and crown level. A similar but marginally insignificant interaction was observed for overall survival up to adult emergence (i.e., total survival). Larval survival and total survival were approximately 22% and 19% lower, respectively, when developing in the upper crown of endophyte-inoculated trees than in control trees. Larval survival remained relatively constant, with increased density on control trees but decreased with density on endophyte-inoculated trees, resulting in a significant interaction between endophyte and larval density. Sex ratios of emerged adults and wing lengths of emerged females were not influenced by the endophyte. Our results suggest that endophytic fungi could be useful additions to integrated pest management programs.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 6
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    Genetically based differences in susceptibility of white spruce to the spruce bud moth (1991)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Description: The susceptibility of white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, leaders to damage by the spruce bud moth, Zeirapheracanadensis Mut. & Free., was assessed for 72 half-sib families at four half-sib family test sites and in one seedling seed orchard in New Brunswick. Trees of intermediate height (1.5–3.75 m) were the most damaged, and damage in one year was positively correlated to damage in the next. During 2 consecutive years, half-sib family explained only 1% of the variation in damage when all four test sites were analysed together. However, half-sib family explained between 2.9 and 7.9% of the variation in damage at individual sites. At the four test sites, mean growth reductions of trees in the two most susceptible families were estimated to be approximately 30% higher than those of trees in the two least susceptible families. When all 72 families were ranked with respect to height, trees in the most susceptible and least susceptible families were ranked very poorly and highly, respectively. This suggested that trees in more susceptible families were smaller because of damage by the spruce bud moth. However, this pattern was observed at all sites, including one where bud moth damage was negligible. Thus even in the absence of damage by the spruce bud moth, trees in these least susceptible families had a greater growth rate, in terms of height, than trees in the most susceptible families. This indicates that selection for plant traits reducing susceptibility to bud moth may be compatible with breeding programs attempting to improve height growth. Implications of these results for tree improvement programs are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    Advantages of a mixed diet: feeding on several foliar age classes increases the performance of a specialist insect herbivore (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-26
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
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    Herbivory modifies conifer phenology: induced amelioration by a specialist folivore (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Interactions between size and temperature influence fecundity and longevity of a tortricid moth, Zeiraphera canadensis (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    A Foliar Endophyte of White Spruce Reduces Survival of the Eastern Spruce Budworm and Tree Defoliation (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-10
    Description: Wild eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) were reared on white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees, half of which had been previously inoculated with a native endophytic fungus, Phialocephala scopiformis DAOM 229536 Kowalski and Kehr (Helotiales, Ascomycota). Survival up to pupation and up to adult emergence was approximately 27% higher for budworm juveniles that developed on control trees compared to trees inoculated with the endophyte. The endophyte did not influence the size or sex of survivors but did reduce defoliation by approximately 30%. Reductions in defoliation on endophyte-inoculated versus control trees, due to reductions in survival of juvenile budworms, suggests that tree inoculations with P. scopiformis could play an important role in integrated management programs against the eastern spruce budworm.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4907
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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