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  • 1
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    Flow Effects on the Flammability Diagrams of Solid Fuels (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A research program is currently underway with the final objective of developing a fundamental understanding of the controlling mechanisms underlying the flammability diagrams of solid combustible materials and their derived fire properties. Given that there is a high possibility of an accidental fire occurring in a space-based facility, understanding the fire properties of materials that will be used in such facilities is of critical importance. With this purpose, the flammability diagrams of the materials, as those produced by the Lateral Ignition and Flame Spread Test (LIFT) apparatus and by a new forced flow device, the Forced Flow Ignition and Flame Spread Test (FIST) apparatus, will be obtained. The specific objective of the program is to apply the new flammability apparatus, which will more accurately reflect the potential ambient conditions of space-based environments, to the characterization of the materials for space applications. This paper presents a parametric study of oxidizer flow effects on the ignition curve of the flammability diagrams of PMMA. The dependence of the ignition delay time on the external radiant flux and either the sample width (LIFT) or the flow velocity (FIST) has been studied. Although preliminary, the results indicate that natural and forced convection flow changes, affect the characteristics of the ignition curves of the flammability diagrams. The major effect on the ignition time appears to be due to convective transfer variations at the fuel surface. At high radiant fluxes or high flow velocities, however, it appears that gas phase processes become increasingly important, affecting the overall ignition delay time. A numerical analysis of the solid fuel heating and pyrolysis has also been developed. The theoretical predictions approximate the experiments well for conditions in which the gas phase induction time is negligible.
    Keywords: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
    Type: Fourth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop; 405-410; NASA-CP-10194
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Emulation of Condensed Fuel Flames Using a Burning Rate Emulator (BRE) in Microgravity (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Burning Rate Emulator (BRE) is a gaseous fuel burner developed to emulate the burning of condensed phase fuels. The current study details several tests at the NASA Glenn 5-s drop facility to test the BRE technique in microgravity conditions. The tests are conducted for two burner diameters, 25 mm and 50 mm respectively, with methane and ethylene as the fuels. The ambient pressure, oxygen content and fuel flow rate are additional parameters. The microgravity results exhibit a nominally hemispherical flame with decelerating growth and quasi-steady heat flux after about 5 seconds. The BRE burner was evaluated with a transient analysis to assess the extent of steady-state achieved. The burning rate and flame height recorded at the end of the drop are correlated using two steady-state purely diffusive models. A higher burning rate for the bigger burner as compared to theory indicates the significance of gas radiation. The effect of the ambient pressure and oxygen concentration on the heat of gasification are also examined.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics; Statistics and Probability; Propellants and Fuels
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN41180 , U.S. National Combustion Meeting 2017; Apr 23, 2017 - Apr 26, 2017; College Park, MD; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    A Burning Rate Emulator (BRE) for Study in Microgravity (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A gas-fueled burner, the Burning Rate Emulator (BRE), is used to emulate condensed-phase fuel flames. The design has been validated to easily measure the burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels by igniting a controlled stream of gas fuel and diluent. Four properties, including the heat of combustion, the heat of gasification, the surface temperature, and the laminar smoke point, are assumed to be sufficient to define the steady burning rate of a condensed-phase fuel. The heat of gasification of the fuel is determined by measuring the heat flux and the fuel flow rate. Microgravity BRE tests in the NASA 5.2 s drop facility have examined the burning of pure methane and ethylene (pure and 50 in N2 balance). Fuel flow rates, chamber oxygen concentration and initial pressure have been varied. Two burner sizes, 25 and 50 mm respectively, are chosen to examine the nature of initial microgravity burning. The tests reveal bubble-like flames that increase within the 5.2s drop but the heat flux received from the flame appears to asymptotically approach steady state. Portions of the methane flames appear to locally detach and extinguish at center, while its shape remains fixed, but growing. The effective heat of gasification is computed from the final measured net heat flux and the fuel flow rate under the assumption of an achieved steady burning. Heat flux (or mass flux) and flame position are compared with stagnant layer burning theory. The analysis offers the prospect of more complete findings from future longer duration ISS experiments.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN28542 , 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Nov 11, 2015 - Nov 14, 2015; Alexandria, VA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat flux from flames to vertical surfaces (1994)
    Springer
    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 209-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Dimensional analysis is used to examine heat transfer from flames to vertical surfaces. Configurations include a line fire against a wall, a square burner flame against a wall and in a corner, and window flames impinging on a wall. Dimensionless parameters that affect flame heat flux includeϰ/l f ,y/D,l f /D andkD whereϰ is vertical distance,y is horizontal distance,l f is flame length,D is burner dimension, andk is the flame absorption coefficient. Only the effect of these variables is shown. No general correlation is developed, and more data are needed before these results can be applied with confidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040003
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slide rule estimates of Fire Growth (1985)
    Springer
    Fire technology 21 (1985), S. 267-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Calculators ; computer programs ; fire growth ; fire models ; room fires
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A series of prediction methods has been assembled to provide an analytical basis for estimating fire growth in compartments. Solutions for each prediction method can be made using programmable scientific calculators. Prediction methods are presented for: fire size and growth rates, mass loss rates, radiant heat flux, flame height, radial flame impingement, heat flux to a ceiling, smoke filling of a room, carbon monoxide hazard with smoldering fires, temperature rise in a compartment, ventilation flow rate, flashover occurrence, corridor smoke transfer and filling, smoke concentration, visibility, flame spread rates, and fire burn time. These predictive methods are useful for estimating many of the critical elements related to fire behavior and help provide a better understanding of this complex phenomenon. This report appears as Appendix B inFire Growth in Combat Ships by J. G. Quintiere, H. R. Baum and J. R. Lawson, NBSIR 85-3159.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103584
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Review of Experiments on the Airborne Release of Simulated Radioactive Compounds from Fire (1998)
    Springer
    Fire technology 34 (1998), S. 307-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015314510914
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slide rule estimates of fire growth (1986)
    Springer
    Fire technology 22 (1986), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fire growth ; mass loss rate ; heat release ; radiant flux ventilation ; visibility ; smoke transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In the November 1985 issue ofFire Technology, the authors presented prediction methods for estimating fire growth in compartments. Here they provide an example of the use of those methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040243
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire Growth: An Overview (1997)
    Springer
    Fire technology 33 (1997), S. 7-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Fire growth is composed of the processes of ignition, flame spread, and burning rate. These processes are described and reviewed. An attempt is made to review the state of the art for predictive methods. The emphasis is on prectical engineering analyses, strategies used for solutions, and the assumptions that have been satisfactorily employed. The paper is intended to be a guide, not a tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015314210972
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of smoldering fires in closed compartments and their hazard due to carbon monoxide (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 99-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A review was made of smoldering fire experiments conducted in closed rooms and buildings. The results were summarized by tabulating maximum levels of CO, the time integral of CO concentration (‘dose’), CO2, temperature rise and oxygen consumption. A hazard time based on the attainment of a CO dose equal to 4.5% CO-minutes and the time for transition to flaming were also tabulated. The likelihood of reaching a critical CO condition during smoldering seems to be comparable with the likelihood of having transition to flaming occur. A theoretical model, requiring inputs of CO production rate and energy release rate, was executed and compared with available data. The theoretical results for CO concentration as a function of time were in good agreement with the experimental data. The model offers a means of extrapolating test data to compartments of various size in order to assess the general hazard of CO due to smoldering.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualization of room fire induced smoke movement and flow in a corridor (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 2 (1978), S. 18-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study was conducted of the smoke and flow field in a corridor subject to a room fire. The study was conducted using a scale model of roughly 0.35 m in height. The effect of corridor-exit doorway width was recorded while the room doorway and fire-room temperature were maintained constant. Smoke was generated from cotton wads soaked with titanium tetrachloride which produces white particles of titanium dioxide. By this means, the smoke layer resulting from the room fire and the corridor flow characteristics were visualized. The results show the lowering interface of the corridor smoke layer with decreasing corridor-exit door width. Also a four-layer horizontal counter-current flow pattern was displayed and shown to result from a restriction (e.g. soffit) at the corridor exit. The mixing of the incoming cold flow and exiting hot flow at the corridor exit was observed to be shedding vortices swept into the cold floor jet. Results based on velocity measurements and smoke observations are presented for the corridor smoke layer height and doorway neutral-plane heights. The limitations of current predictive models are demonstrated for layer-heights and flow rates for the room and corridor experiments.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810020106
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