ALBERT

Description: Long-term fire histories provide insight into the effects of climate, ecology and humans on fire activity; they can be generated using accumulation rates of charcoal and soot black carbon in lacustrine sediments. This study uses both charcoal and black carbon, and other paleoclimate indicators from Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel, to reconstruct late Holocene variations in biomass burning and aridity. We compare the fire history data with a regional biomass-burning reconstruction from 18 different charcoal records and with pollen, climate, and population data to decipher the relative impacts of regional climate, vegetation changes, and human activity on fire. We show a long-term decline in fire activity over the past 3070 years, from high biomass burning ~3070-1750 cal yr BP to significantly lower levels after ~1750 cal yr BP. Human modification of the landscape (e.g., forest clearing, agriculture, settlement expansion and early industry) in periods of low to moderate precipitation appears to have been the greatest cause of high biomass burning during the late Holocene in southern Levant, while wetter climate apparently reduced fire activity during periods of both low and high human activity.

Description: Ostracoda counts during Exp 347

Description: A total of 173 sediment samples from the upper 45 mbsf were processed for ostracod analysis at IODP site M0063. Ostracods abundance was very low. All abundances are expressed as single ostracod valves. Additionally, organic Carbon data are shown. For Site M0063 due to sediment expansion, mbsf depths were converted into adjusted mbsf (ambsf), and the latter into adjusted mcd (amcd) [Obrochta et al., 2017]. Ambsf scale is used for Holes A and B; amcd scale for Holes C, D and E.

Description: A total of 173 sediment samples from the upper 45 mbsf were processed for ostracod analysis at IODP site M0063. Ostracods abundance was very low. All abundances are expressed as single ostracod valves. Additionally, organic Carbon data are shown. For Site M0063 due to sediment expansion, mbsf depths were converted into adjusted mbsf (ambsf), and the latter into adjusted mcd (amcd) [Obrochta et al., 2017]. Ambsf scale is used for Holes A and B; amcd scale for Holes C, D and E.

Description: A total of 143 sediment samples from the upper 53 mcd were processed for ostracod analysis at IODP site M0059. All abundances are expressed as single ostracod valves. The species are listed in the order of increasing salinity and water depth based on published ecology data (Frenzel et al., 2010): columns J-K - freshwater and oligohaline coastal taxa; columns L-N - oligohaline and euryhaline (taxa found in a wide range of salinities from oligohaline to mesohaline, polyhaline and euhaline), very shallow and shallow water; columns O-T - meso- to euhaline taxa, very shallow and shallow, coastal and open sea; columns U-AB - meso to euhaline taxa, shallow-water to deep, open sea; columns AC-AD - poly and euhaline deep-water open sea taxa; AE - euhaline deep-water open sea taxa.

Description: A total of 50 sediment samples from the upper 25.5 mcd were processed for ostracod analysis at IODP site M0060. All abundances are expressed as single ostracod valves. Additionally, organic Carbon data are shown. The species are listed in the order of increasing salinity and water depth based on published ecology data (Frenzel et al., 2010): columns J-K - freshwater and oligohaline coastal taxa; columns L-O - oligohaline and euryhaline (taxa found in a wide range of salinities from oligohaline to mesohaline, polyhaline and euhaline), very shallow and shallow water; columns P-V - meso- to euhaline taxa, very shallow and shallow, coastal and open sea; columns W-AF - meso to euhaline taxa, shallow-water to deep, open sea; columns AG-AI - poly and euhaline deep-water open sea taxa; columns AJ-AY - euhaline deep-water open sea taxa.

Description: The data published here were gathered in the framework of a multi-proxy-based study of paleotemperature (both marine and terrestrial), -salinity, and -ecosystem changes from the Little Belt (Site M0059). They cover the past ~8,000 years and contain only material from the uppermost subunits 1a and 1b encountered at Site M0059 (see e.g. Andrén et al. 2015). Four environmental zones (EZ1: oldest, freshwater conditions; EZ2 to EZ4 reflecting following salinity and ecosystem changes in the region) were identified in Kotthoff et al. (2017). The age model and the sedimentology are discussed in Kotthoff et al. (2017). The datasets comprise data for salinity proxies (diatoms, aquatic palynomorphs, diol index) and for water temperature proxies (foraminiferal Mg/Ca-ratios, long chain diol index and TEXL86) as well as temperature reconstruction based on pollen grains. It is discussed in Kotthoff et al. (2017) that applying and interpreting proxies in coastal environments and marginal seas needs particular caution. For example, foraminiferal Mg/Ca-ratios may have been influenced by contamination by authigenic coatings in the deeper intervals of the record. Lipid paleothermometers were probably influenced by significant changes in depositional settings in the Little Belt. References: Andrén, T., Jørgensen, B.B., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 347 Scientists: Baltic Sea Paleoenvironment. Proceedings IODP, 347. College Station, TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program), https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.347.101.2015, 2015. Kotthoff, U., Groeneveld, J., Ash, J. L., Fanget, A.-S., Krupinski, N. Q., Peyron, O., Stepanova, A., Warnock, J., Van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Passey, B. H., Clausen, O. R., Bennike, O., Andrén, E., Granoszewski, W., Andrén, T., Filipsson, H. L., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Slomp, C. P., and Bauersachs, T.: Reconstructing Holocene temperature and salinity variations in the western Baltic Sea region: a multi-proxy comparison from the Little Belt (IODP Expedition 347, Site M0059), Biogeosciences, 14, 5607–5632, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5607-2017, 2017.