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  • 1
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is an inherited neurological disorder affecting about 0.4% of the world's population. Mutations in ten genes causing distinct forms of idiopathic epilepsy have been identified so far, but the genetic basis of many IGE subtypes is still unknown. Here we report a ...
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Hereditary rippling muscle disease (RMD) is an autosomal dominant human disorder characterized by mechanically triggered contractions of skeletal muscle. Genome-wide linkage analysis has identified an RMD locus on chromosome 3p25. We found missense mutations in positional candidate CAV3 (encoding ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Inherited limb malformations provide a valuable resource for the identification of genes involved in limb development. Brachydactyly type B (BDB), an autosomal dominant disorder, is the most severe of the brachydactylies and characterized by terminal deficiency of the fingers and toes. In the ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The main coding region (including the agonist binding sites14 and three of the four transmembrane domains) distributed in exon 5 of CHRNA4 was amplified from the genomic DNA of ADNFLE patients belonging to our chromosome 20-linked family8. Altered mobility in single strand conformation analysis was ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 13 (1996), S. 142-144 
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir — Thome and coworkers1 suggest that a null mutation in the gene coding for the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)2 is an important risk factor for the development of endogenous psychoses. They reported that the prevalence of the null mutation was significantly increased in psychiatric ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 59 (1981), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Family, twin, and adoption studies have shown that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of alcoholism. Based on earlier EEG findings in alcoholics and on the known genetic determination of the alcohol effect on the EEG, the hypothesis was tested whether the resting EEG reflects a certain disposition to alcoholism. Resting EEGs were examined for 115 alcoholics (78 males, 37 females) and matched controls. In addition, the first-degree relatives of two extreme groups of alcoholics—those with poor and those with particularly good alpha waves—were examined and compared with matched controls. The EEGs were analyzed with an EEG processor. Whereas male alcoholics did not differ from their controls, female patients showed a shift from the alpha and theta to the beta bands of the brain wave pattern. The relatives of the two extreme groups of alcoholics, who did not misuse alcohol, exhibited the same tendency. This is an argument supporting the notion that in females a poorly synchronized EEG pattern reflects a certain disposition to alcoholism. This finding is discussed in light of drinking motivation in males and females. The latter more often belong to the alpha-and gamma-types of alcoholism than do males. Because of comparable findings in schizophrenics it is argued that a genetically determined desynchronized resting EEG pattern is not specific for a certain illness, but reflects basic mechanisms that enhance the risk for different psychiatric disorders.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Evaluation of the causative role of germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) families can be difficult. Whereas nonsense, frameshift or splice-site mutations are presumed to lead to dysfunctional gene products and thus are generally considered to be causative, the evaluation of missense mutations often remains uncertain. We observed a novel germline mutation in the hMLH1 gene (His→Pro at codon 329) in an HNPCC family. The same missense mutation also occurred as a somatic event in the colonic tumours of two other HNPCC patients who had germline mutations at different sites of the hMLH1gene. Thus, the H329P mutation present in the germline can be considered as having an aetiological role in this HNPCC family.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 20 (1973), S. 291-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pharmakogenetik zentral wirkender Substanzen (Psychopharmakogenetik) ist ein Forschungsgebiet, das zwischen den Disziplinen der klinischen Pharmakologie, Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Humangenetik steht. Unser heutiges Wissen über die genetisch determinierte inter-individuelle Variabilität auf biochemischer Ebene macht Unterschiede im Metabolismus und im pharmakologischen Effekt von Pharmaka wahrscheinlich. Im Prinzip sind pharmakogenetische Unterschiede bei jedem der pharmakokinetischen Faktoren möglich: Resorption, Verteilung, Metabolismus, Bindung an den Receptor, Ausscheidung. Grundsätzlich sind zwei Ansätze im Rahmen der Psychopharmakogenetik zu unterscheiden: 1. Einfluß genetischer Faktoren auf die Kinetik einer zentral wirkenden Substanz. 2. Einfluß genetischer Faktoren an der Reaktion des ZNS auf zentral wirkende Substanzen. Entsprechend werden Befunde und Beobachtungen aus der Literatur zusammengestellt, die von genetischem Interesse sind. 1. Unterschiede auf metabolischer Basis. a) Tricyclische Antidepressiva. Aus genetischer Sicht sind diese Pharmaka die bisher am besten analysierten, zentral wirkenden Substanzen. Die großen inter-individuellen Unterschiede der Plasmaspiegel unter steady-state-Bedingungen sind hauptsächlich genetischer Natur. b) Die polymorphe N-Acetyltransferase. Dies Enzym acetyliert sehr wahrscheinlich den MAO-Hemmer Phenelzin. Es ist bisher offen, ob Serotonin ein physiologisches Substrat des polymorphen Acetylierungs-Enzyms ist. c) Alkohol. Zwillings-Studien weisen auf die Bedeutung genetischer Faktoren beim Metabolismus von Äthanol hin. d) Diphenylhydantoin. Der Metabolismus von DPH unterliegt einer großen inter-individuellen Variabilität; familiäres Auftreten eines langsamen Abbaus von DPH ist beschrieben worden. e) Phenothiazine. Verschiedene Beobachtungen und Befunde weisen auf die Existenz genetischer Faktoren an der Reaktion auf Phenothiazine hin. 2. Unterschiedliches Ansprechen auf zentral wirkende Substanzen mit eventueller genetischer Bedeutung. a) Alkohol. Eine Reihe von Befunden macht die Beteiligung genetischer Faktoren an der Reaktion auf Alkohol wahrscheinlich. Genetische Faktoren spielen vielleicht auch bei der Entstehung des Alkoholismus eine Rolle. b) Coffein. Die bekannten Unterschiede im Ansprechen auf Coffein können eine genetische Grundlage haben. c) Dopamin-β-hydroxylase. Die Aktivität der Dopamin-β-hydroxylase im Serum des Menschen, die an der Synthese des Noradrenalins beteiligt ist, unterliegt einer genetischen Kontrolle. Vielleicht steht damit nicht nur die Aktivität des sympathischen Nervensystems, sondern auch die Reaktion auf Pharmaka, die auf dieses System einwirken, unter genetischer Kontrolle. d) Huntingtonsche Chorea. Ein pharmakogenetischer Ansatz erscheint für die Frühdiagnose dieser Krankheit am erfolgversprechendsten. e) Psychopharmaka und Persönlichkeit. Es gibt Hinweise für differentielle Effekte psychotroper Substanzen bei verschiedenen Persönlichkeitstypen, die zumindest teilweise genetisch determiniert sein könnten. f) Psychopharmaka und EEG. Ein weiterer vielversprechender Ansatz zum Auffinden genetischer Unterschiede in der Reaktion auf zentral wirkende Substanzen könnte die Untersuchung von Personen mit EEG-Varianten sein. Trotz unseres heute noch sehr lückenhaften Wissens über die Bedeutung der Genetik für die Reaktion auf zentral wirkende Substanzen ist dieses Forschungsgebiet für alle daran beteiligten Disziplinen vielversprechend für die Zukunft.
    Notes: Summary Psychopharmacogenetics is an interdisciplinary field involving clinical pharmacology, psychology, psychiatry and human genetics. Our present-day knowledge of genetically determined interindividual variability at the biochemical level makes differences in the metabolism and the pharmacological effects of drugs appear probable. In theory, pharmacogenetic differences are possible in each of the pharmacokinetic parameters (absorption, distribution, metabolism, interaction with the receptor, excretion). Two fundamental approaches in psychopharmacogenetics have to be differentiated: 1. Influence of genetic factors on the kinetics of a centrally acting drug. 2. Role of genetic factors in the reaction of the central nervous system to psychotropic drugs. Accordingly, findings and observations of genetic interest are summarized. 1. Differences on the basis of metabolism. a) Tricyclic antidepressants. From the genetic point of view the tricyclic antidepressants are the best known psychotropic drugs up to now. The wide interindividual differences in steady-state plasma levels are mainly of genetic origin. b) Polymorphic N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme probably acetylates the MAO inhibitor phenelzine. It is controversial whether serotonin is a physiologic substrate of the polymorphic enzyme. c) Alcohol. Twin studies have revealed the significance of genetic factors in the metabolism of ethanol. d) Diphenylhydantoin. The metabolism of DPH is subject to wide interindividual variation; familial occurrence of slow metabolism has been described. e) Phenothiazines. Various observations and findings make it appear probable that genetic factors are involved in the response to phenothiazines. 2. Differences in the susceptibility to centrally acting drugs with a possible genetic basis. a) Alcohol. Several findings suggest the involvement of genetic factors in the response to alcohol. Genetic factors may also play a role in alcoholism. b) Caffeine. Intrinsic differences in the sensitivity of sites of action in the brain might have a genetic basis. c) Dopamine-β-hydroxylase. The activity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in human serum which is involved in the synthesis of noradrenaline is under genetic control. It is possible that not only sympathetic nerve activity but also reaction to drugs interfering with this system is genetically controlled. d) Huntington's chorea. A pharmacogenetic approach appears to be most promising for the early diagnosis of Huntington's chorea. e) Drug reactions and personality traits. There are indications of differential effects of psychotropic drugs in different personality types, which might at least in part be under genetic control. f) Drug reactions and EEG. Another promising approach to detection of genetic differences in the response to psychoactive drugs could be the examination of reactions of persons with EEG variants. Although we do not know very much about the significance of heredity in the response to centrally acting drugs, this field of investigation appears to be promising for the disciplines involved.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A statistically significant association between a silent mutation (102T/C) in the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor gene and schizophrenia has recently been reported in a sample of Japanese patients and healthy controls. This finding suggests that genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may be affected by a functional 5-HT2A receptor variant that is in linkage disequilibrium with 102T/C. In the present study, we have sought to identify genetic variation in the 5-HT2A receptor gene by screening genomic DNA samples from 91 unrelated subjects comprising 45 patients with schizophrenia and 46 healthy controls by using single-strand conformation analysis. We have identified four nucleotide sequence variants. Two sequence changes would result in protein alterations: a substitution of threonine by asparagine at position 25 (Thr25Asn), and a substitution of histidine by tyrosine at position 452 (His452Tyr). In order to test for a possible contribution to the development of schizophrenia, we have determined allele frequencies in extended samples of unrelated patients and healthy controls. The two amino acid substitutions are found with similar frequencies in patients and controls, indicating that the presence of these variants is not causally related to the development of schizophrenia. However, the reported association of the non-coding polymorphism 102T/C with the disease has also been detected in our sample (P = 0.041, odds ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.012–1.623).
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary At the locus for arylsulfatase A (ASA) at least four to five alleles exist: besides the normal ASA+ and at least two to three deficiency alleles (ASA-), a pseudodeficiency allele, ASAp, is known. On SDS-PAGE the ASAp enzyme migrates slightly faster than ASA+. Treatment of extracts from cells with ASA+/ASA+, ASAp/ASAp, or ASA+/ASAp genotypes with endoglycosidase F leads to the same deglycosylated subunit pattern. Presumably the degree of glycosylation is lower in ASAp than in ASA+. In a large-scale screening project we determined a gene frequency of 7.3% for ASAp. Thus, the ASA locus is polymorphic. In seven families, ASAp showed a codominant mode of inheritance with ASA+. Homozygosity for ASAp has no obvious clinical consequences. In subjects with the compound genotype ASA-/ASAp, the residual enzyme activity may fall below a critical threshold, so that the substrate can no longer be hydrolyzed sufficiently. Since these compounds are not so rare (estimated frequency 0.073%), this mechanism could be of importance in neuropsychiatric disorders with late onset.
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