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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5808-5810 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An optical technique for constant-height mode scanning force microscopy has been developed. This approach allows the sample-tip spacing to be held constant or varied in a quantitative manner during data acquisition. The technique uses an all-fiber interferometric system extended to include two optical cavities: one between the fiber and the cantilever and a second between the fiber and the sample surface. It is necessary that the cantilever be semitransparent or that the fiber be positioned over the edge of the cantilever. It has been experimentally verified that either case allows sufficient laser light for both the cantilever-fiber and the sample-fiber cavities. This method can be used to monitor the time dependence of surface forces, magnetic or electric phase transitions, or as a height calibration for use with scanning force microscopy. As a demonstration of the technique, spatially localized observations of the ferromagnetic phase transition in a gadolinium film are presented. During this observed phase transition, the tip-sample separation was held constant at 1000 nm with a drift of only 3 nm, nominal, for 15 min while the temperature was cycled between 285 and 295 K.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 526-533 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have constructed a fluid cell for an atomic force microscope that operates in tapping mode using either an oscillating piezo or magnetic drive. This fluid cell allows direct comparison of the image quality using the two drive mechanisms over identical areas of a sample without fluid or cantilever exchange. We found that the magnetically driven cantilever's tuning curve was very similar to the thermal noise power spectrum, allowing an accurate determination of the cantilever resonance frequency. This is in contrast to the piezo driven tuning curve, which contained a number of peaks that appeared to be a convolution of the true cantilever resonance with the complicated acoustic spectrum of the fluid cell. We imaged two biologically relevant samples: DNA molecules and liquid phase phospholipid bilayers. For both samples, we found that the image quality, as measured by feature height, lateral resolution, and image stability, was independent of the drive method. This suggests that, despite the apparent differences in the frequency response, the physical motion of the cantilever tip, when it is driven near its resonance frequency, is the same for both driving mechanisms. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 912-916 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A detection technique for use with noncontact attractive mode force microscopes is described. The technique relies on the accurate measurement of the resonant frequency of a cantilever probe as it rings in response to a very short excitation pulse. The resonant frequency reflects the spatially varying interactions between the probe and the specimen under study. This technique is for cantilevers with relatively high Q values ((approximately-greater-than)1000) as might be expected with vacuum operation. This technique has the advantage of being relatively easy to implement with commercially available instrumentation, while still providing excellent sensitivity and wide bandwidth operation. A sensitivity of 0.02 Hz at 75 kHz in a bandwidth of 50 Hz is comparable with other techniques. In addition, it is easy to accommodate a wide variety of cantilevers with different vibrational characteristics. A photomicrograph of the stray fields above bits written in a magnetic hard disk is presented, demonstrating the application of the technique to magnetic force microscopy.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Opposite polarity magnetic force microscope (MFM) profiles of domain walls (DWs) in magnetite were measured with a commercial MFM tip magnetized in opposite directions perpendicular to the sample surface. The influence of the tip field on a DW resulted in an overall more attractive interaction. The difference between opposite polarity DW profiles provided a qualitative measurement of the reversible changes in DW structure due to the localized field of the MFM tip. The dependence of the measured alteration on tip-sample separation was fit with a power law at different positions across the DW. The rate of decay of the alteration with tip-sample separation, quantified by the exponent of the power law fit, varied across the DW and was much slower than expected from a simple model. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The submicron magnetic structure of domain walls in a single-crystal iron film has been studied using a magnetic force microscope (MFM). The MFM tip was sensitized to the component of the field perpendicular to the film plane. The sample examined was a 500-nm-thick single-crystal film of iron, grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Before it was imaged, the film was magnetized along its (in-plane) easy axis in a 2000-Oe field. Studies of the domain structure at numerous locations on the film surface revealed a rich variety of micromagnetic phenomena. Parallel domain walls, determined to be Bloch walls with a width of 70–100 nm, were seen along the easy axis, spaced roughly 30 μm apart. These appeared to be Bloch walls. Bloch lines were also observed in the walls with an average periodicity of 1.5 μm. This is a value smaller than that predicted for Bloch wall-line structures. In addition, a pronounced zig–zag structure was observed, as expected from previous Fe whisker observations.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6447-6447 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used a magnetic force microscope (MFM) in a new imaging mode to study domain walls in magnetite. The oscillation amplitude and phase of a vibrating cantilever were recorded versus cantilever tip-sample separation at each point in an x-y raster scan of a conventional MFM image. Amplitude and phase changes of the MFM cantilever depend on the topographic, interferometric, damping, and magnetic force gradients effects the cantilever experiences. For small scan areas, the magnetic force gradient acting between the tip and sample could be separated from the other interactions. This allowed quantitative extraction of the magnetic force gradients into a three-dimensional dataset called a force gradient map (FGM). FGMs were made over a number of samples; the work reported here focuses on domain wall structures in single crystal magnetite. The results of previous conventional MFM images and FGM images will be compared. One result was that the apparent resolution of the MFM tip was strongly dependent on the oscillation amplitude of the cantilever tip, implying that this must be considered when modelling MFM response. The data also suggest that FGMs may provide more sensitive tests of micromagnetic models than conventional MFM imaging of magnetite. This is for two reasons: (i) as mentioned above, FGMs allow the magnetic signal to be separated from the topographic, damping and interferometric effects and (ii) because FGMs sample the interactions between the tip and sample at a variety of well defined separations, it is possible to identify critical micromagnetic structural length scales. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 3303-3307 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic force microscope (MFM) studies of high-density thin-film recording media have been performed in the presence of an applied magnetic field. In particular, the erasure behavior of bit transitions in the media have been investigated. For these studies a compact, high-field dc magnet has been constructed that fits the laser head of a Nanoscope III multimode microscope. Because of space constraints and concern over thermal drifts which could affect the stability of the MFM, a rotating permanent magnet was used instead of an electromagnet. The magnet is mounted in a yoke which guides varying amounts of flux to the sample. This was used to observe the erasure of bits in a magnetic hard disk. The applied field also magnetized the MFM cantilever, making it possible to magnetically characterize both the sample and the probe. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5894-5896 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present a variation of the Wohlfarth–Henkel technique for studying interactions in single domain particles (SDPs) in which samples are prepared in different remanent states before the remanent magnetization curves are measured. By analyzing the resulting series of switching field distributions (SFDs), it is possible to separate the effects of positive (magnetizing) and negative (demagnetizing) interactions, even when one type dominates the other. The method is applied to two types of samples consisting of uniform SPDs of magnetite produced by magnetotactic bacteria: (1) whole bacterial cells containing single, linear chains of SDPs; and (2) SDPs extracted from the cells and allowed to aggregate into clumps.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A direct measure of the high frequency (HF) response of recording heads is becoming increasingly important as storage densities head toward 10 Gb/in.2. One of the quantities for characterizing head response is the value of the magnetic field at high write frequencies. Typical, HF testing of heads has been mostly indirect; the recording head is used to write data to a disk and the head performance is evaluated based on the readback signal. The results of the testing depend on the test media and the readback system in addition to the actual HF performance of the recording head. To our knowledge, the only direct testing of HF head response was done with a scanning magneto-optic photometer which images the dynamic domain structure of the recording head.1 Unlike these other techniques, the magnetic force microscope (MFM) responds directly to the magnetic field above the recording head. Normally, the MFM response time is limited by the resonant frequency of the cantilever, typically 60–80 kHz in our system. However, by either AM or FM modulation of the HF drive of the recording head, vibrations were excited in the MFM cantilever and the response of the head was characterized at head drive frequencies in excess of 50 MHz.2 In this work, we have measured the response of a metal-in-gap recording head from a commercially available disk drive (Seagate, Inc., Bloomington, MN). As expected, we found that the head had a single pole rolloff at roughly 1 MHz. The effects of dc and ac biasing were also studied. ©1997 American Institute of Physics.
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