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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological factors determining salt tolerance in citrus seedlings: the shoot to root ratio modulates passive root uptake of chloride ions and their accumulation in leaves (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The results presented in this work were obtained with two citrus genotypes, the chloride-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and the chloride-sensitive Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. ×Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. The data show that chloride uptake under salinization is driven by passive forces. In both species, net rates of chloride root uptake increased linearly, without saturation, with the increase of external NaCl concentrations (30–240 mol m–3). Uptake rates, on a μg g root dry weight–1 h–1 basis, in Cleopatra and Carrizo decreased (from 38 to 21) and increased (from 21 to 35), respectively, with the increase (about three-fold) of the shoot to root ratio. With the appropriate shoot to root ratio in each genotype, it was demonstrated that at identical external doses of NaCl, Cl– uptake rates and Cl– xylem concentrations in the two species were very similar. Root pruning and defoliation showed that the amount of chloride taken by the plant was a function of the size of the root system, whereas leaf chloride concentration, the parameter responsible for salt damage, was dependent upon leaf biomass. Measurements of water transpiration suggested that chloride root uptake and leaf accumulation might be linked to water absorption and transpiration rates, respectively. The data indicate that plant morphology is a crucial factor determining salt-tolerance in citrus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00495.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and anatomical disturbances induced by chloride salts in sensitive and tolerant citrus: beneficial and detrimental effects of cations (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In citrus, the relative contributions of chloride and cations to growth disturbances induced by salinity are a matter of controversy. Chloride salts (15 mol m–3 CaCl2, 30 mol m–3 CaCl and 30 mol m–3 KCl) reduced growth and gas exchange parameters, increased leaf damage and abscission and produced anatomical disarrangements and mineral imbalances in seedlings of sensitive Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata) and tolerant Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni). In both cultivars, Ca2+ was more beneficial, and K+ more detrimental, for growth than sodium. Photosynthesis and growth disturbances were highly correlated (P≤ 0·001) with leaf Cl– build-up. In the sensitive genotype, Cl– was also significantly correlated with several leaf anatomical disarrangements, such as increase in succulence. In comparison with sodium, both calcium and potassium increased leaf Cl– content (up to 25 and 69%, respectively). Protective calcium effects were not linked to improvement of photosynthesis, reduction of leaf anatomical disarrangements, or prevention of Cl– and Na+ increases. It is proposed that the ameliorative effects of calcium on citrus grown under salinity are mostly related to reduction of leaf abscission. Collectively, the data suggest a cause–effect relationship between Cl– build-up and reduced growth, whereas chloride correlations with declines in photosynthesis or increases in succulence appear to be indirect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00349.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in some nitrogenous components during the germination of citrus seeds
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 43 (1990), S. 69-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Citrus ; germination ; nitrogenous components ; proteins ; seeds
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(90)90038-G
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of ethylene in the opening and senescence of citrus flowers
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 46 (1991), S. 55-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: citrus ; ethylene ; flower ; opening ; senescence
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(91)90092-D
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxidase activity changes and lignin deposition during the senescence process in citrus stigmas and styles
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Plant Science 68 (1990), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-9452
    Keywords: Citrus sinensis ; orange ; peroxidase ; phloroglucinol reaction ; stigmas and styles
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-9452(90)90151-D
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of abscisic acid and ethylene in the responses of citrus seedlings to salt shock (1998)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 103 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The responses of salt-sensitive citrus rootstocks to 200 mM NaCl were periodically determined on seedlings of citrange Carrizo (Citrus sinensis[L.] Osbeck ×Poncirus trifoliata[L.] Raf) during 30 days. The stressed seedlings adjusted osmotically, reduced stomatal conductance, increased proline content and ethylene production, and showed massive leaf abscission (92%). The salt shock also increased abscisic acid (ABA) and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in roots, xylem fluid and leaves, and in addition promoted Cl− accumulation. The pattern of change of ABA, ACC and proline followed a two-phase response: an initial transient increase (10-12 days) overlapping with a gradual and continuous accumulation. This biphasic response appears to be compatible with the proposal that the transitory hormonal rises are induced by the osmotic component of salinity, whereas the Cl− increase determines the subsequent accumulations. During the second phase, Cl− levels correlated with abscission in leaves. Production of leaf ethylene was also concomitant with the increase in the abscission rate. Salt-induced abscission was either reduced with CoCl2 (52%) or inhibited with silver thiosulphate (14%). The results suggest that in salt-stressed citrus, leaf abscission is induced by the chloride build-up through a mechanism that stimulates leaf ACC synthesis and further conversion to ethylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030405.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of chloride and sodium on gas exchange parameters and water relations of Citrus plants (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 86 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gas exchange parameters, water relations and Na+/Cl- content were measured on leaves of one-year-old sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck cv. Hamlin) seedlings grown at increasing levels of salinity. Different salts (NaCl, KCl and NaNO3) were used to separate the effects of Cl− and Na+ on the investigated parameters. The chloride salts reduced plant dry weight and increased defoliation. Accumulation of Cl− in the leaf tissue caused a sharp reduction in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. By contrast, these parameters were not affected by leaf Na+ concentrations of up to 478 mM in the tissue water. Leaf water potentials reached values near −1.8 MPa at high NaCl and KCl supplies. This reduction was offset by a decrease in the osmotic potential so that turgor was maintained at or above control values. The changes in osmotic potential were closely correlated with changes in leaf proline concentrations. Addition of Ca2+ (as calcium acetate) increased growth and halved defoliation of salt stressed plants. Furthermore, calcium acetate decreased the concentration of Cl− and Na+ in the leaves, and increased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Calcium acetate also counteracted the reductions in leaf water and osmotic potentials induced by salinity. In addition, calcium acetate inhibited the accumulation of proline in the leaves which affected the reduction in osmotic potential. These results indicate that adverse effects of salinity in Citrus leaves are caused by accumulation of chloride.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb01319.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abscisic acid increases in non-growing and paclobutrazol-treated fruits of seedless mandarins (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 95 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Clementine (Citrus reticulata [Hort.] Ex. Tanaka cv. Oroval) is a self-incompatible mandarin with a slow rate of fruit growth and high percentage of fruit abscission. Seedless Satsuma (Citrus unshiu [Mak] Marc. cv. Clausellina) shows natural parthenocarpy and higher fruit set. Application of 25 μg fruit−1 of paclobutrazol (PP333), an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, reduced the rate of growth and accelerated fruit abscission in both varieties. In contrast, gibberellin A3 (GA3) stimulated fruit growth only in the self-incompatible mandarin. Clementine fruits, in the absence of pollination, showed an approximately 2-fold transient increase in the free abscisic acid (ABA) content shortly after petal fall. In Satsuma, a very small accumulation of ABA was detected. Paclobutrazol treatment induced a 3-fold increase in ABA in Satsuma fruits but did not substantially affect the pattern of ABA accumulation in Clementine. In this variety, GA3 suppressed the ABA increase observed in untreated fruits. These effects were observed 24 h after treatment. However, in Satsuma fruits, the effect of GA3 on the ABA content was negligible. In addition, a comparative analysis of growing and non-growing fruits of Clementine showed that ABA, on a per unit weight basis, was always higher in the non-growing fruits. Treatment with 85 μM fluridone, an inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis and thus indirectly of ABA, delayed fruit abscission in Clementine, but also decreased fruit growth. Collectively, these observations indicate a relationship between high ABA content and a reduced rate of fruit growth and an acceleration of fruit abscission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb05530.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gibberellin-ethylene interaction controls radial expansion in citrus roots (1997)
    Springer
    Planta 202 (1997), S. 370-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ; Citrus (root expansion) ; Ethylene (root growth) ; Gibberellin (root growth) ; Inhibitor (ethylene ; gibberellin) ; Root (anatomy ; growth polarity)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The involvement of gibberellins (GAs) and ethylene in the process of root radial expansion was studied in young seedlings of Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. The GA inhibitors cycocel, paclobutrazol, and tetcyclacis enhanced radial expansion of the root tip (up to 2.3-fold) as a result of increases in stele diameter and inner cortex width. The GA deficiency increased cell number and width, and changed the polarity of growth, generating wider and shorter cortical cells in the elongation zone. In the presence or absence of GA inhibitors, GA3 decreased root tip width and reduced all parameters related to radial expansion. The ethylene inhibitors (aminooxyacetic acid; cobalt ions, CoCl2; silver thiosulfate) suppressed swelling induced by GA deficiency, generating thinner cells just as GA3 did. In contrast to GA3, ethylene inhibitors produced longer cells strongly resembling those of the untreated seedlings. Ethylene released by ethephon did not modify root tip width in control plants, while root diameter behind the root tip was increased. In the presence of low and ineffective concentrations of cycocel, the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid increased radial expansion of root tips (1.3-fold) and changed the polarity of growth, producing wider and shorter inner cortical cells as GA inhibitors did. These observations imply, first, that ethylene is the hormonal effector of the process of root radial expansion and, second, that the endogenous GAs modulate the promotive response of ethylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050139
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate as a nitrification inhibitor in a Citrus-cultivated soil (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Citrus ; Nitrification inhibitor ; 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate ; Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency ; Nitrate leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) added to ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH4)2SO4 plus NH4NO3; ASN] in a Citrus-cultivated soil, and to study its effect on N uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, 2 g N as ASN either with or without 0.015 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4 +-N) was applied 6 times at 20-day intervals to plants grown in 14-l pots filled with soil. Addition of DMPP to ASN resulted in higher levels of NH4 +-N and lower levels of NO3 –-N in the soil during the whole experimental period. The NO3 –-N concentration in drainage water was lower in the ASN plus DMPP (ASN+DMPP)-treated pots. Also, DMPP supplementation resulted in greater uptake of the fertilizer-N by citrus plants. In another experiment, 100 g N as ASN, either with or without 0.75 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4 +-N) was applied to 6-year-old citrus plants grown individually outdoors in containers. Concentrations of NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N at different soil depths and N distribution in the soil profile after consecutive flood irrigations were monitored. In the ASN-amended soil, nitrification was faster, whereas the addition of the inhibitor led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N in soil for longer than when ASN was added alone. At the end of the experiment (120 days) 68.5% and 53.1% of the applied N was leached below 0.60 m in the ASN and ASN+DMPP treatments, respectively. Also, leaf N levels were higher in plants fertilized with ASN+DMPP. Collectively, these results indicate that the DMPP nitrification inhibitor improved N fertilizer efficiency and reduced NO3 – leaching losses by retaining the applied N in the ammoniacal form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000211
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