ALBERT

Notes: Fluazifop-butyl was sprayed onto established plants of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. and Paspalum conjugatum Berg, growing rapidly under warm glasshouse conditions. Visually I. cylindrica was considerably more resistant to phytotoxicity than P. conjugatum, for both contact damage to the sprayed shoots and regrowth from the rhizome or stolon. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend for I cylindrica to retain more spray than P. conjugatum. Drops applied to upper and lower surfaces of I cylindrica spread similarly, but on leaves of P. conjugatum spread was less on upper and greater on lower leaf surfaces. There were no differences in uptake from drops placed on the upper surface. Preliminary translocation studies suggested greater movement out of treated leaves of P. conjugation than from the treated leaves of I. cylindrica. On the basis of these data, differences between the two species did not directly relate to the retention of spray or the uptake of the active ingredient into the leaf, but translocation differences were important. In addition, the relative resistance of I. cylindrica to fluazifop-butyl may also be caused in part by having a lower ratio of aerial shoot dry weight to total and subterranean dry weight than P. conjugatum. This results in less herbicide retained per unit mass of plant tissue in the former. Activité du fluazifop-butyle contre Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. I. Etudes sur la phytotoxicité, l'adhésion de la bouillie et la pénétration de l'herbicide Le fluazifop-butyle a été pulvérisé sur des plantes de Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. et Paspalum conjugatum Berg. bien installées et en pleine végétation en serre dans des conditions chaudes. Les observations visuelles ont indiqué que I. cylindrica résistait mieux que P. conjugatumà la phytotoxicité, tant en matière de dégâts résultant du contact de l'herbicide sur les pousses que de repousses à partir de rhizomes ou de stolones. Imperata cylindrica avait tendance à retenir plus de bouillie que P. conjugatum, mais la différence n'était pas significative. Des gouttes appliquées sur les surfaces supérieures et inférieures des feuilles de I. cylindrica se sont répandues de façon semblable mais chez P. conjugatum elles se sont répandues moins sur la surface supérieure que sur l'inférieure. Aucune différence n'a été constatée dans la pénétration des gouttes posées sur la surface supérieure. Des études préliminaires sur la translocation indiquent un transport plus important hors des feuilles traitées chez P. conjugatum que chez I cylindrica. Prenant pour base ces données, les différences entre les deux espèces ne correspondent pas directement à la rétention de la bouillie ni à la pénétration dans la feuille de la matière active, mais les différences en matière de translocation y jouent un rôle important. D'ailleurs il se peut que la résistance relativement plus forte envers le fluazifop-butyle chez I. cylindrica résulte en partie du rapport moins élevé du poids sec des pousses aériennes au poids sec global et souterrain dans cette espèce. Par consé- Quent, elle retient une moindre quantité d'herbicide par unité de masse de tissu végétal que P. conjugatum.Ueber die Wirkung von Fluazifop-butyl auf Imperata cylindriea (L.) P. Beauv. I. Untersuchungen über Phytotoxizität, Haftung der Spritzbrühe und HerbizidaufnahmeEntwickelte, stark wachsende Pflanzen von Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. und Paspalumconjugation Berg. wurden im warmen Gewächshaus (Temp. zwischen 22 C und 32 C) mit Fluazifop-butyl besprüht. Die visuelle Beurteilung ergab, dass I. cylindrica bedeutend resist-enter als P. conjugation war, sowohl in Bezug auf Direktwirkung auf die besprühten Sprosse, als auch auf Neuaustrieb aus Rhizomen und Stolonen. Statistisch zwar nicht gesichert, wurde ein Trend zu einer stärkeren Haftung der Spritzbrühe auf I cylindrica als auf P. conjugation beobachtet. Auf die oberen und unteren Blattoberflächen von I. cylindrica applizierle Tropfen breiteten sich in ähnlicher Weise aus. während bei P. conjugatum die Ausbreitung der Tropfen auf den Blattoberseiten geringer als auf den Blattunterseiten war. Vorläufige Translokationsstudien lassen vermuten, dass der Abtransport des Herbizids aus behandelten Blättern bei P. conjugation grösser ist als bei I. cylindrica. Aufgrund der erhaltenen Resultate waren die Empfindlichkeitsunterschiede der beiden Pftanzenarten nicht direkt korreliert mit der Haftung der Spritzbrühe oder der Aufnahme der Aktivsubstanz in das Blatt; hingegen waren die Unterschiede bezüglich Translokation beträchtlich. Die, im Vergleich zu P. conjugatum, relativ hohe Resistenz von I. cylindrica kann weiterhin mit dem geringeren prozentualen Anteil der Trockenmasse oberirdischer Teile an der totalen oder unterirdisch produzierten Trockenmasse bei letzterer Art erklärt werden. Dies hat zur Folge, dass pro Einheit Pflanzenmasse bei I. cylindrica weniger Aktivsubstanz zurückgehalten wird, als bei P. conjugatum.

Notes: Abstract— The progression of fully reversed bending fatigue, in a 99.6% pure polycrystalline nickel (NO2200) at room temperature, was monitored utilizing Nomarski interference contrast microscopy in conjunction with microhardness measurements. It was found that a gradual hardening, without early saturation, occurred from about 95 to 160 HV. Similar data were obtained with indenter weights of 15–500 g, from which it was concluded that a different behaving surface layer did not develop during fatigue. Cracks initiated at coarse slip bands within the first 1% of the life, when the hardness reached 140 HV. The cracking of these bands initiated away from grain boundaries. The slow growth of these slip band cracks dominated the life subsequently. Growth of the cracks both across and beyond the initial grain was difficult. The significant hardening prior to crack initiation and the confinement of the cracking mainly to coarse slip bands, contributed to a good inherent fatigue resistence of nickel. with a fatigue limit above the yield strength. Non-propagating cracks were not observed below the fatigue limit.

Notes: Abstract— Inconel 625 (N06625) was fatigued in reversed bending and the sequence of surface damage observed. A comparison was made with nickel and Monel K500 studied previously. It was found that, as with nickel, slip markings were present at one cycle even in high life samples. In the Inconel 625, the slip was always planar, multiple slip was common and a plethora of secondary slip was associated with most crack fronts. A noticeable distinction, from nickel and Monel, was the absence of any intergranular cracking. Microhardness measurements revealed that, as with Monel and in contrast to nickel, strain amplitudes high enough to give surface zone hardening led to short lives. from which the inference was made that the inherent fatigue properties of Inconel 625 are inferior to nickel, for advantage cannot be taken of its high strain hardening exponent. Nevertheless, the fatigue limit, as in nickel remains above the yield stress because cracks only initiate when the grains are replete with slip and a rumpled topography has developed.

Notes: Abstract— A comparison was made at room temperature of the fatigue sequence in Monel K 500 (N05500), both between the different states of solution heat treated, aged, and overaged, and with nickel that had been studied previously. The test mode was reversed bending and monitoring was by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, in conjunction with sequential microhardness measurements. It was found that variations in Monel between the heat treated states were minor in comparison to differences with nickel. In Monel, the fatigue resistance was relatively poor because of ready intergranular, as well as transgranular, cracking. To achieve a significant life, the stress level had to be kept well below the yield strength, low enough to delay the onset of visible slip, for cracking would follow promptly. This meant that, in contrast to nickel, stress levels high enough to invoke strain hardening and obvious secondary slip led to exceedingly short lives. Also, inclusions mattered, slip occurring preferentially in their vicinity.

Notes: [Auszug] Table l. ASCORBATE STIMULATION OF UNA SYNTHESIS m^ME UNA Zero time controls (nuclei only) Basic medium "Ascorbate" medium 25 58 75 142 157 Mean 25 67 150 The nuclei were incubated in a basic medium containing 6 mmolar ATP, 10 mmolar ethyl carbamate, 10 mmolar glucose, 10 mmolar ribose, ...

Notes: Twenty-five metabolites were isolated from the urine, feces or plasma of sheep given single oral doses of [14C]crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate). These metabolites resulted from one or more of the following transformations: oxidation of a methyl group in the t-butyl moiety to yield either an alcohol or a carboxylic acid; hydrolysis of the phosphate and phosphoramidate bonds; oxidation of the N-methyl group to yield N-formyl phosphoramidates; methylation of the N-formyl group to yield N-methyl-N formthyl phosphoramidates; oxidative N-demethylation; conjugation with glucuronic acid. No ring-hydroxylation or dechlorination was observed, and no crufomate was isolated from the urine, feces or plasma.

Notes: Seven sheep metabolites of crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) were characterized as glucuronide conjugates by interpretation of mass spectral data obtained from the pertrimethylsilyl derivatives and the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the methyl esters.

Notes: Urine from rats and sheep given single oral doses of [14C]propachlor contained 14C metabolites in which the chlorine of propachlor was replaced by a methylsulfonyl group. Methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites were also isolated from the urine of rats given an intraperitoneal dose of the cysteine conjugate of [14C]propachlor; this indicated that the methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites resulted from metabolic reactions subsequent to the mercapturic acid pathway.