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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 24 (1968), S. 452-458 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Experimental problems in the application of the Berg–Barrett Method to the observation of dislocations in metal single crystals are discussed. The problem of background noise caused by fluorescence from the specimen and inelastic scattering is considered. A criterion for selecting an appropriate filter to discriminate against the background noise is presented. The problem of multiple images is discussed and a scheme for selecting diffraction geometry to eliminate unwanted images is presented. A detailed description of the relatively simple equipment used in Berg–Barrett work is given.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 14-17 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The macroscopic yield stress of Ni3Al increases rapidly with temperature, reaching a maximum at about 700°C. Such anomalous behavior has been observed in other ordered alloys which undergo partial disordering with increasing temperature, e.g. Cu3Au. The long-range order parameter, S, of stoichiometric Ni3Al powder was measured over the temperature range 25°C to 1000°C and great care was taken to ensure a fine particle size and thus avoid extinction effects. The results of this study showed that, in Ni3Al, S remains constant at about 0.93 over the entire temperature range investigated. This means that theories relating the strength of ordered alloys to S are not applicable to Ni3Al.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 255 (1977), S. 633-643 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Beobachtungen der Doppelbrechung werden an Lösungen von Polyäthylenoxid und Polystyrol, die reiner Scherung in einer Vierrollenmühle unterworfen sind, mitgeteilt. Es wird gezeigt, wie Stärke und Ausmaß der örtlichen Konzentration der Doppelbrechung vom Fließgefälle abhängen und von charakteristischen Größen der gelösten Makromoleküle. Beides gibt eine Beziehung zwischen den existierenden Theorien für das Dehnungsfließen und der direkten Beobachtung. Es wird gezeigt, daß die hochlokalisierte Doppelbrechung, beobachtet für den Fall des Polyäthylenoxids, einer hohen Dehnung eines Bruchteils der anwesenden Moleküle zugeschrieben werden muß, wohingegen die weniger lokalisierte Doppelbrechung, wie sie für Polystyrol beobachtet wird, durch Rotation von anisotropen Partikeln erklärt werden kann, die also in diesen Lösungen vorhanden sein müssen.
    Notes: Summary Birefringence observations are reported for solutions of polyethylene oxide and polystyrene subjected to pure shearing flow in a four roll mill. It is shown how the magnitude and degree of localisation of the birefringence depend on the strain rate and the characteristics of the dissolved macromolecules, thus establishing a connection between existing theories of elongational flow and direct observation. It is shown that the highly localised birefringence observed in the case of polyethylene oxide can be attributed to high extension of a fraction of the molecules present, whereas the less localised birefringence observed in polystyrene can be explained by rotation of anisotropic particles, which must therefore be present in these solutions.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 751-756 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The effect of elongational flow on the orientation of dissolved macromolecules has been studied by observation of localised birefringence within appropriate regions of the flow field, with the objective of linking up experimentally observed chain alignment with basic theory. Benefitting from previous experience the highest available molecular weight fractions were used, i. e. polystyrene ofM w = 2 · 106, and two opposed suck jets were employed to provide the high strain rates required. Birefringence set in above a critical strain rate and rose rapidly to a maximum value, confirming expectations from theory. Both the maximum birefringence and critical strain rate were independent of concentration indicating that the chains are independent of each other. The value of the birefringence was consistent with complete chain extension, while the critical strain rate yielded a relaxation time of 3 · 10−5 s in accord with the value calculated fromZimm's non-free draining model. Other observations yielded an estimate of the critical entanglement concentration. The prospects and limitations of the present kind of experimental approach are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 6 (1971), S. 453-478 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The investigation is concerned with the relation between changes in the submicroscopic structure, as revealed by low angle X-ray scattering in combination with the usual wide angle X-ray diffraction, and changes in the macroscopic sample dimensions during the deformation of oriented low density polyethylene. The samples examined are mainly drawn and rolled sheets possessing a double crystal texture, with a limited additional study on a drawn sample with fibre symmetry and on recently discovered single texture specimens. The deformations include tension and compression along selected sample directions applied mostly at room temperature, but also at various elevated temperatures. The salient feature of most of these experiments is the identity of the macroscopic strain and the changes in the submicroscopic periodicity along the direction in which the sample has been initially oriented. Even when this identity is not obeyed, as for deformation at the highest temperatures, a proportionality between the quantities concerned is always maintained. It is demonstrated how the changes in the structural periodicity can be subdivided into a rotation of unaltered crystallites, interpreted as interlamellar slip, into a change in chain inclination within the crystallites, interpreted as intralamellar slip, and into a change in the separation of the crystallites which includes the extension or compression of interlamellar amorphous material. It is shown that the relative contributions of each of these three effects is a function of the temperature of the deformation, the sample type and the type of stress applied. The results are evaluated and discussed in terms of existing conceptions of an oriented polymer and are related to earlier findings on this subject. It is pointed out in particular that the samples in question represent a very simple mechanical system: a series coupling of the individual structural processes involved suffices to describe the response of the sample to externally imposed stress. The identity relation between changes in structure and macroscopic sample dimensions is also revealed by swelling experiments. This, in addition to equating changes in lamellar separation with changes in sample dimension, also provides some definitive information on the location of the swelling agent.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1974), S. 920-928 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of single textured low density polyethylene by unidirectional rolling has been investigated. It was found to be associated with the shear of the sample during annealing, which is a reversal of the shear imparted by the rolling process. Single texture could be produced from double texture by compressing it obliquely in such a way as to simulate this shear. It is concluded that the material probably contains another component besides the single orientation of lamellae which would need to be taken into account when using it as a model for the study of lamellar properties.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 10 (1975), S. 747-757 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The possible twinning modes of nylon 6.6 are predicted on the basis of the crystal structure using Mallard's Law for pseudo-hexagonal lattices. Three conjugate pairs of twin modes are expected. On compression of samples oriented by drawing and strong rolling the main twin mode operative is shown to be (1¯10) and evidence is found for at least two other twin modes, probably (010) and (100). These results are used to explain the texture of lightly rolled sheet as a superposition of a twinned component on an untwinned component, and can be further generalized to explain the previously observed texture produced by slight extension of randomly oriented material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1977), S. 1105-1108 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper serves to overcome an apparent contradiction in the literature on the subject of deformation of polyethylene with simple lamellar textures, in particular on the observation of strains which are larger than would follow from the accompanying changes in texture when deformation is carried out at elevated temperatures. It is shown that if both the strain and texture determination are carried out at the temperature of deformation (and not after cooling), previous contradictions are eliminated and all the observed effects can be explained by temperature-dependent structural processes known to take place from evidence without the need to invokead hoc assumptions regarding the structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1977), S. 1105-1108 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper serves to overcome an apparent contradiction in the literature on the subject of deformation of polyethylene with simple lamellar textures, in particular on the observation of strains which are larger than would follow from the accompanying changes in texture when deformation is carried out at elevated temperatures. It is shown that if both the strain and texture determination are carried out at the temperature of deformation (and not after cooling), previous contradictions are eliminated and all the observed effects can be explained by temperature-dependent structural processes known to take place from evidence without the need to invokead hoc assumptions regarding the structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 14 (1976), S. 821-831 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The possible explanations for the temperature-induced reversible changes in long spacing in polymers are reviewed. The observation of particularly large changes in certain irradiated samples of oriented low-density polyethylene is reported. By combining these results with those obtained by DSC and other means it is concluded that the spacing changes are caused by partial melting of small lamellae within the lamellar stacks which alters the mean periodicity. The requirement of an irregular lattice explains why the effect is observed primarily in bulk samples and especially in materials which contain intrinsic irregularities.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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