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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glacial dispersal of mercury from bedrock mineralization along Pinchi Fault, north central British Columbia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1109-1112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mineralized occurrences of Hg in bedrock are abundant along Pinchi Fault, in north central British Columbia, two of which have been mined in the early to mid 20th century. Distribution patterns of mercury concentrations measured in the clay sized fraction (〈2 μm) of till reveal anomalous levels on and down-ice from the fault Mercury in the till is interpreted to be of detrital origin. In other words, during glaciation, glacier ice eroded bedrock and older sediments enriched in mercury and transported them in a down-ice direction, finally depositing the sediment load at a distance from the source. Consequently, the area with anomalous mercury concentrations in the till is several orders of magnitude larger than the area of mercury mineralization in bedrock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189772
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    The glacial transport and physical partitioning of mercury and gold in till: implications for mineral exploration with examples from central British Columbia, Canada (2001)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 185: 287-299.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-01-01
    Description: Mercury glacial dispersal was measured in the clay-sized fraction (〈 0.002 mm) and heavy mineral concentrate (0.063-0.250 mm, specific gravity 〉 3.3 g/cm3) of till in a region of bedrock cinnabar occurrences, in central British Columbia, Canada. Most of the Hg in till occurs as sand-sized cinnabar (HgS) grains. A longer dispersal train was measured with the heavy mineral concentrates because Hg concentrations in heavy minerals yielded a higher ratio between anomalous and background concentrations when compared to the clay-sized material. It is proposed that geochemical or mineralogical analyses on a specific grain size fraction or density fraction of till, where the desired metal resides, result in a higher contrast between anomalous and background concentrations. Such a great contrast translates into a longer detectable dispersal train and hence, a larger target for mineral exploration. Therefore, in drift exploration programs, it is crucial to identify the mode of occurrence of a sought commodity in till; this can be achieved in part with a simple partitioning study whereby metal concentrations are measured in specific grain size fractions of till. Physical partitioning results for Au in the study area indicate that close to the bedrock source, large metal concentrations in some cases are present in the sand- (0.063-2 mm) and granule-sized (2-4 mm) fractions. Therefore, the significance of a regional Au anomaly, commonly defined in the silt plus clay-sized fraction of till could be evaluated by further determining the Au content of coarser size fractions (sand and granule).
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  • 3
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    Geochemical and mineralogical dispersal in till from the Mount Polley Cu-Au porphyry deposit, central British Columbia, Canada (2015)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-29
    Description: The Quesnel terrane in the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada, is highly prospective for locating new porphyry deposits; however, the bedrock in this region is obscured by a nearly continuous blanket of till, making mineral exploration challenging. Located within the Quesnel terrane is the Mount Polley deposit. It is an alkaline, silica-undersaturated, Cu-Au porphyry deposit mined by Imperial Metals Corporation. Eighty-six basal till samples were collected for geochemical and mineralogical analyses in the region of this deposit. Ore elements (Ag, Au and Cu), as well as pathfinder element (Hg and Zn) contents in till reflect detrital glacial dispersal from the Mount Polley deposit. The distribution of anomalous mineral counts of andradite garnet, apatite, chalcopyrite, epidote, jarosite and native gold also reflect glacial dispersal from the deposit. Outcrop-scale ice-flow indicators indicate a dominant ice-flow event to the NW that was preceded by a southwestward glacial advance. The element and mineral signatures of the Mount Polley Cu-Au porphyry deposit are dispersed in sub-glacial surface tills up to 12 km in the down-ice (NW) direction. We demonstrate that till geochemistry and mineralogy can serve for mineral exploration of Cu-Au porphyry mineralization in drift covered areas. Supplementary material: Complete data set for element and mineral results and ice-flow measurement is available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18828
    Print ISSN: 1467-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-7873
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 4
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    Processing of glacial sediments for the recovery of indicator minerals: protocols used at the Geological Survey of Canada (2013)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: A successful method of mineral exploration in glaciated terrain is the use of indicator minerals recovered from carefully selected glacial sediments, and subsequently traced back to their bedrock source. The successful application of indicator mineral methods relies on efficient and effective recovery as well as the correct identification of a wide variety of indicator minerals. The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) has developed protocols for ongoing and future research projects to achieve the highest quality for reporting indicator mineral data. Such protocols include the use of field duplicate samples, blank samples, and base material spiked with known numbers, morphologies, species, and sizes of indicator minerals. Field duplicate samples serve to estimate sediment heterogeneity. Spiked samples are used to monitor the accuracy of the sample processing and mineral identification methods for recovering specific minerals. Blank samples serve to detect potential carry-over contamination. In certain instances, a specific sample processing order is essential and should be communicated to the commercial processing laboratory. Ore-rich samples collected near known mineralization are to be processed last, to reduce chances of carry-over contamination. Repeated indicator mineral counts should be carried out on at least 10% of the heavy mineral concentrates to measure reproducibility (precision) of the mineral counts. All indicator mineral data, original laboratory reports, heavy mineral concentrates, unmounted picked grains, and grain mounts are now archived at the GSC, using specific guidelines.
    Print ISSN: 1467-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-7873
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 5
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    Till sampling and geochemical analytical protocols used by the Geological Survey of Canada (2013)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) has developed field and lab methods protocols to guide till sample collection, processing, geochemical analysis of the till matrix, monitoring of quality assurance/quality control, and archiving procedures for reconnaissance- to local-scale geochemical surveys. The most significant concepts and procedures are described in this paper. Continued and long-term use of these protocols will ultimately allow GSC researchers to integrate and contrast multiple datasets and ensure minimum levels of quality assurance and control for all till geochemical data. This set of protocols is the first established for Canadian till sampling and analysis and represents a contribution to the GSC’s Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program. Sharing the GSC’s knowledge on till sampling and analysis with the international community will allow other researchers and explorationists to adopt similar procedures. This sharing of knowledge will ultimately allow comparison of till geochemical datasets from various parts of Canada and internationally as well as ensuring a minimum level of quality assurance and control for all till geochemical data.
    Print ISSN: 1467-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-7873
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 6
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    Pb and S isotopic composition of indicator minerals in glacial sediments from NW Alberta, Canada: implications for Zn-Pb base metal exploration (2011)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: Results from an indicator mineral survey conducted with till samples in NW Alberta were used to identify a glacial dispersal train of sand-sized sphalerite and minor galena. High concentrations of dark grey to black, angular, brittle grains of sphalerite were found (100 to 〉1000 grains) in nine of ninety 30?kg till samples. The presence of high sphalerite grain counts in nine samples situated within a geographically restricted area argues against long-distance glacial transport, comminution, and deposition of erratic material from the carbonate-hosted Pine Point Zn-Pb deposits, located 330?km to the NE. The Pb isotopic composition of the galena grains recovered from till is similar to values obtained from Mississippi Valley-type deposits in the northern Canadian Cordillera and Pine Point and indicates that the galena is derived from similar basement sources situated along the Great Slave Lake Shear Zone. Sphalerite grains from the till have a sulphur isotopic composition significantly different from Mississippi Valley-type deposits in the northern and southern Cordillera, and are significantly different than the Pine Point deposits. These results highlight the potential to discover base metal mineralization hosted within the Cretaceous shale bedrock of northern Alberta.
    Print ISSN: 1467-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-7873
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 7
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    Till geochemistry and mineralogy: vectoring towards Cu porphyry deposits in British Columbia, Canada (2016)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-11
    Description: Regional till sampling was completed near four Cu porphyry mineralized zones in south-central British Columbia, Canada: Highland Valley Copper (Cu-Mo), Gibraltar (Cu-Mo), and Mount Polley (Cu-Au-Ag) deposits, and the Woodjam (Cu-Au-Mo) prospect. At all sites, Cu concentrations in the clay-sized fraction and chalcopyrite grains (0.25 – 0.5 mm; 〉3.2 specific gravity) are found in greater abundance in till near and down-ice from mineralized zones compared to surrounding background regions. At Mount Polley, the abundance of gold grains in till defines a dispersal train extending at least 3 km down-ice (SW and NW) from mineralization. At three sites out of four, epidote in till heavy mineral concentrates occurs in greater percentage near and down-ice from mineralized zones compared to background regions suggesting that this mineral could be an indicator of propylitic alteration associated with porphyry mineralization. The distribution pattern of Cu concentrations and chalcopyrite grains in till is controlled by the distribution of Cu-porphyry mineral occurrences in bedrock and the direction of ice-flow movements which prevailed during the last glaciation. By comparing study sites, there is a positive relationship between the areal extent of bedrock mineralization that was exposed to glacial erosion and the absolute values of Cu concentrations and chalcopyrite grain counts in till. In the Woodjam region where the till is thick (〉10 m), eight samples with background Cu concentrations in the clay-sized fraction of till contain 〉4 grains of chalcopyrite/10 kg which is indicative of mineralization. This study demonstrates that a combination of till geochemistry and mineralogy is an efficient method for mineral exploration for Cu porphyry deposits covered by variable amounts of glacial sediments. Supplementary material: The full data sets on till geochemistry and mineralogy are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3291503
    Print ISSN: 1467-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-7873
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 8
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    Magnetite as an Indicator Mineral in the Exploration of Porphyry Deposits: A Case Study in Till near the Mount Polley Cu-Au Deposit, British Columbia, Canada (2017)
    Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The investigation of this paper focused on whether the composition of hydrothermal ore-related magnetite in till could be used to locate porphyry deposits in terrane where glacial overburden overlies rocks that host porphyry Cu-Au mineralization. This hypothesis was tested using 20 till samples collected in a ~900-km2 area surrounding the Mount Polley porphyry Cu-Au deposit in south-central British Columbia, Canada. At least 100 magnetite grains were randomly selected from the magnetic fraction of each till sample. Nineteen trace elements in ~50 magnetite grains in each sample were measured by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The large beam or raster size used for laser ablation (to 100 μ m) homogenizes any heterogeneous trace element distributions in magnetite that result from oxy-exsolution and/or and dissolution/reprecipitation, avoiding this issue with the few micron size of an electron beam. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) performed on a compilation of magnetite compositions measured by LA-ICP-MS from worldwide porphyry deposits and intrusive igneous rocks define the chemical signature (Mg, Al, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni) of hydrothermal magnetite exclusive to porphyry systems. Application of our two LDA models to the 985 magnetite compositions we measured in the till samples surrounding Mount Polley showed anomalous amounts of hydrothermal magnetite grains in till up to 2.5 km west-southwest and 4 km northwest of the deposit—a pattern that is consistent with the ice-flow history of the region. Our LDA models for magnetite trace element compositions have strong potential to be an effective tool in exploration for buried porphyry systems.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)
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  • 9
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    Magnetite as an Indicator Mineral in the Exploration of Porphyry Deposits: A Case Study in Till near the Mount Polley Cu-Au Deposit, British Columbia, Canada (2017)
    Society of Economic Geologists
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-0774
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Economic Geologists
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  • 10
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    Glacial dispersal of mercury from bedrock mineralization along Pinchi Fault, north central British Columbia (1995)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0049-6979
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2932
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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