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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: Broad emission features of abundant chemical elements, such as iron, are commonly seen in the X-ray spectra of accreting compact objects and their studies can provide useful information about the geometry of the accretion processes. In this work, we focus our attention on GX 3+1, a bright, persistent accreting low-mass X-ray binary, classified as an atoll source. Its spectrum is well described by an accretion disc plus a stable Comptonizing, optically thick corona which dominates the X-ray emission in the 0.3–20 keV energy band. In addition, four broad emission lines are found and we associate them with reflection of hard photons from the inner regions of the accretion disc, where Doppler and relativistic effects are important. We used self-consistent reflection models to fit the spectra of the 2010 XMM–Newton observation and the stacking of the whole data sets of 2010 INTEGRAL observations. We conclude that the spectra are consistent with reflection produced at ~10 gravitational radii by an accretion disc with an ionization parameter of  ~ 600 erg cm s –1 and viewed under an inclination angle of the system of ~35°. Furthermore, we detected for the first time for GX 3+1, the presence of a power-law component dominant at energies higher than 20 keV, possibly associated with an optically thin component of non-thermal electrons.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-03-06
    Description: We report on the results of XMM–Newton and Swift observations of SMC X-2 during its last outburst in 2015 October, the first one since 2000. The source reached a very high luminosity ( L ~ 10 38 erg s –1 ), which allowed us to perform a detailed analysis of its timing and spectral properties. We obtained a pulse period P spin = 2.372267(5) s and a characterization of the pulse profile also at low energies. The main spectral component is a hard ( ~= 0) power-law model with an exponential cut-off, but at low energies we detected also a soft (with kT ~= 0.15 keV) thermal component. Several emission lines are present in the spectrum. Their identification with the transition lines of highly ionized N, O, Ne, Si, and Fe suggests the presence of photoionized matter around the accreting source.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: We have analysed XMM–Newton and Chandra observations of the transient magnetar XTE J1810–197 spanning more than 11 yr, from the initial phases of the 2003 outburst to the current quiescent level. We investigated the evolution of the pulsar spin period and we found evidence for two distinct regimes: during the outburst decay, $\dot{\nu }$ was highly variable in the range –(2–4.5) x 10 –13  Hz s –1 , while during quiescence the spin-down rate was more stable at an average value of –1 x 10 –13  Hz s –1 . Only during ~3000 d (from MJD 54165 to MJD 56908) in the quiescent stage it was possible to find a phase-connected timing solution, with $\dot{\nu }=-4.9\times 10^{-14}$  Hz s –1 , and a positive second frequency derivative, $\ddot{\nu }=1.8\times 10^{-22}$  Hz s –2 . These results are in agreement with the behaviour expected if the outburst of XTE J1810–197 was due to a strong magnetospheric twist.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-06-02
    Description: AX J1845–0258 is a transient X-ray pulsar, with spin period of 6.97 s, discovered with the ASCA satellite in 1993. Its soft spectrum and the possible association with a supernova remnant suggest that AX J1845–0258 might be a magnetar, but this has not been confirmed yet. A possible counterpart one order of magnitude fainter, AX J184453–025640, has been found in later X-ray observations, but no pulsations have been detected. In addition, some other X-ray sources are compatible with the pulsar location, which is in a crowded region of the Galactic plane. We have carried out a new investigation of all the X-ray sources in the ASCA error region of AX J1845–0258, using archival data obtained with Chandra in 2007 and 2010, and with XMM–Newton in 2010. We set an upper limit of 6 per cent on the pulsed fraction of AX J184453–025640 and confirmed its rather hard spectrum (power-law photon index of 1.2 ± 0.3). In addition to the other two fainter sources already reported in the literature, we found other X-ray sources positionally consistent with AX J1845–0258. Although many of them are possibly foreground stars likely unrelated to the pulsar, at least another new source, CXOU J184457.5–025823, could be a plausible counterpart of AX J1845–0258. It has a flux of 6  x  10 –14  erg cm –2  s –1 and a spectrum well fitted by a power law with photon index ~1.3 and N H ~ 10 22  cm –2 .
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-09-14
    Description: We report on the discovery and energy dependence of hard phase lags in the 2.14 Hz pulsed profiles of GRO J1744–28. We used data from XMM–Newton and NuSTAR . We were able to well constrain the lag spectrum with respect to the softest (0.3–2.3 keV) band: the delay shows increasing lag values reaching a maximum delay of ~12 ms, between 6 and 6.4 keV. After this maximum, the value of the hard lag drops to ~7 ms, followed by a recovery to a plateau at ~9 ms for energies above 8 keV. NuSTAR data confirm this trend up to 30 keV, but the measurements are statistically poorer, and therefore, less constraining. The lag-energy pattern up to the discontinuity is well described by a logarithmic function. Assuming this is due to a Compton reverberation mechanism, we derive a size for the Compton cloud R cc  ~ 120 R g , consistent with previous estimates on the magnetospheric radius. In this scenario, the sharp discontinuity at ~6.5 keV appears difficult to interpret and suggests the possible influence of the reflected component in this energy range. We therefore propose the possible coexistence of both Compton and disc reverberation to explain the scale of the lags and its energy dependence.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-04-15
    Description: The bursting pulsar , GRO J1744–28, went again in outburst after ~18 yr of quiescence in 2014 mid-January. We studied the broad-band, persistent, X-ray spectrum using X-ray data from a XMM–Newton observation, performed almost at the peak of the outburst, and from a close INTEGRAL observation, performed 3 d later, thus covering the 1.3–70.0 keV band. The spectrum shows a complex continuum shape that cannot be modelled with standard high-mass X-ray pulsar models, nor by two-components models. We observe broad-band and peaked residuals from 4 to 15 keV, and we propose a self-consistent interpretation of these residuals, assuming they are produced by cyclotron absorption features and by a moderately smeared, highly ionized, reflection component. We identify the cyclotron fundamental at ~4.7 keV, with hints for two possible harmonics at ~10.4 and ~15.8 keV. The position of the cyclotron fundamental allows an estimate for the pulsar magnetic field of (5.27 ± 0.06) 10 11  G, if the feature is produced at its surface. From the dynamical and relativistic smearing of the disc reflected component, we obtain a lower limit estimate for the truncated accretion disc inner radius (100  R g ) and for the inclination angle (18°–48°). We also detect the presence of a softer thermal component that we associate with the emission from an accretion disc truncated at a distance from the pulsar of 50–115  R g . From these estimates, we derive the magnetospheric radius for disc accretion to be ~0.2 times the classical Alfvén radius for radial accretion.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: NGC 55 ULX1 is a bright Ultraluminous X-ray source located 1.78 Mpc away. We analysed a sample of 20 Swift observations, taken between 2013 April and August, and two Chandra observations taken in 2001 September and 2004 June. We found only marginal hints of a limited number of dips in the light curve, previously reported to occur in this source, although the uncertainties due to the low counting statistics of the data are large. The Chandra and Swift spectra showed clearly spectral variability which resembles those observed in other ULXs. We can account for this spectral variability in terms of changes in both the normalization and intrinsic column density of a two-component model consisting of a blackbody (for the soft component) and a multicolour accretion disc (for the hard component). We discuss the possibility that strong outflows ejected by the disc are in part responsible for such spectral changes.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-02-20
    Description: We analysed a 115-ks XMM–Newton observation and the stacking of 8 d of INTEGRAL observations, taken during the raise of the 2015 outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9–2021. The source showed numerous type-I burst episodes during the XMM–Newton observation, and for this reason we studied separately the persistent and burst epochs. We described the persistent emission with a combination of two soft thermal components, a cold thermal Comptonization component (~2 keV) and an additional hard X-ray emission described by a power law ( ~ 2.3). The continuum components can be associated with an accretion disc, the neutron star (NS) surface and a thermal Comptonization emission coming out of an optically thick plasma region, while the origin of the high-energy tail is still under debate. In addition, a number of broad ( = 0.1–0.4 keV) emission features likely associated with reflection processes have been observed in the XMM–Newton data. The estimated 1.0–50 keV unabsorbed luminosity of the source is ~5 x 10 37  erg s –1 , about 25 per cent of the Eddington limit assuming a 1.4 M NS. We suggest that the spectral properties of SAX J1748.9–2021 are consistent with a soft state, differently from many other accreting X-ray millisecond pulsars which are usually found in the hard state. Moreover, none of the observed type-I burst reached the Eddington luminosity. Assuming that the burst ignition and emission are produced above the whole NS surface, we estimate an NS radius of ~7–8 km, consistent with previous results.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-03-25
    Description: We select a sample of nearby ultraluminous X-ray sources with long XMM–Newton observations and analyse all the available XMM–Newton data using both X-ray spectral fitting techniques and hardness–intensity diagrams. The sample includes IC 342 X-1, NGC 5204 X-1, NGC 5408 X-1, Holmberg IX X-1, Holmberg II X-1, NGC 1313 X-1, NGC 1313 X-2 and NGC 253 X-1. We found that, although a common reference model can be used to describe the X-ray spectra, the sources show different spectral evolutions, phenomenologically described in terms of variations in the properties of a soft component and a high-energy tail. Variations at low energies are accounted for (mostly) by changes in the normalization of the soft component and/or in the column density to the source, while variations in the high-energy tail by changes in the parameters of an optically thick corona. This spectral variability is rather well characterized on a colour–colour and hardness–intensity diagram in terms of suitably defined hardness ratios. We suggest the existence of a variability pattern on the hardness–intensity diagram and we interpret it in terms of the switch between a near-Eddington and a super-Eddington accretion regime. The transition between the two regimes seems to be driven mostly by changes in the contribution of the soft component, which can be explained in terms of the increasing importance of wind emission. The analysis is complemented by an investigation of the short-term time variability of all the sources. In general, no clear correlation between the spectral and temporal properties is found.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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