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  • 1
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    Potential Links Between Tropospheric and Stratospheric Circulation Extremes During Early 2020 (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-22
    Description: February‐March 2020 was marked by highly anomalous large‐scale circulations in the Northern extratropical troposphere and stratosphere. The Atlantic jet reached extreme strength, linked to some of the strongest and most persistent positive values of the Arctic Oscillation index on record, which provided conditions for extreme windstorms hitting Europe. Likewise, the stratospheric polar vortex reached extreme strength that persisted for an unusually long period. Past research indicated that such circulation extremes occurring throughout the troposphere‐stratosphere system are dynamically coupled, although the nature of this coupling is still not fully understood and generally difficult to quantify. We employ sets of numerical ensemble simulations to statistically characterize the mutual coupling of the early 2020 extremes. We find the extreme vortex strength to be linked to the reflection of upward propagating planetary waves and the occurrence of this reflection to be sensitive to the details of the vortex structure. Our results show an overall robust coupling between tropospheric and stratospheric anomalies: ensemble members with polar vortex exceeding a certain strength tend to exhibit a stronger tropospheric jet and vice versa. Moreover, members exhibiting a breakdown of the stratospheric circulation (e.g., sudden stratospheric warming) tend to lack periods of persistently enhanced tropospheric circulation. Despite indications for vertical coupling, our simulations underline the role of internal variability within each atmospheric layer. The circulation extremes during early 2020 may be viewed as resulting from a fortuitous alignment of dynamical evolutions within the troposphere and stratosphere, aided by each layer's modification of the other layer's boundary condition.
    Description: Key Points Large‐ensemble simulations are needed to fully characterize coupled extremes in the polar vortex and tropospheric jet in early 2020. Details of the vortex structure play an important role in promoting either reflection or dissipation of upward propagating waves 1 and/or 2. Modulation of lowermost stratospheric circulation from above and below facilitates co‐evolution of tropospheric and stratospheric extremes.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5282/ubm/data.281
    Description: https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/ao.shtml
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Towards a more comprehensive assessment of the intensity of historical European heat waves (1979–2019) (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Europe has been affected by record‐breaking heat waves in recent decades. Using station data and a gridded reanalysis as input, four commonly used heat wave indices, the heat wave magnitude index daily (HWMId), excess heat factor (EHF), wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI), are computed. The extremeness of historical European heat waves between 1979 and 2019 using the four indices and different metrics is ranked. A normalisation to enable the comparison between the four indices is introduced. Additionally, a method to quantify the influence of the input parameters on heat wave magnitude is introduced. The spatio‐temporal behaviour of heat waves is assessed by spatial–temporal tracking. The areal extent, large‐scale intensity and duration are visualized using bubble plots. As expected, temperature explains the largest variance in all indices, but humidity is nearly as important in WBGT and wind speed plays a substantial role in UTCI. While the 2010 Russian heat wave is by far the most extreme event in duration and intensity in all normalized indices, the 2018 heat wave was comparable in size for EHF, WBGT and UTCI. Interestingly, the well‐known 2003 central European heat wave was only the fifth and tenth strongest in cumulative intensity in WBGT and UTCI, respectively. The June and July 2019 heat waves were very intense, but short‐lived, thus not belonging to the top heat waves in Europe when duration and areal extent are taken into account. Overall, the proposed normalized indices and the multi‐metric assessment of large‐scale heat waves allow for a more robust description of their extremeness and will be helpful to assess heat waves worldwide and in climate projections.
    Description: Europe has been affected by record‐breaking heat waves in recent decades. Using station data and a gridded reanalysis, the extremeness of European heat waves between 1979 and 2019 is ranked using four indices: heat wave magnitude index daily (HWMId), excess heat factor (EHF), wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI). In order to assess heatwaves worldwide and in climate projections, the spatial extent, large‐scale intensity and duration of heatwaves are visualized using bubble plots.
    Description: AXA Research Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001961
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009133
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; duration ; heat wave ; indices ; intensity ; large‐scale ; spatial extent
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The Linkage of Serial Cyclone Clustering in Western Europe and Weather Regimes in the North Atlantic‐European Region in Boreal Winter (2023)
    Hauser, Seraphine ; Mueller, Sebastian ; Chen, Xiaoyang ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-02
    Description: Extra‐tropical cyclones are an important source of weather variability in the mid‐latitudes. Multiple occurrences in a short period of time at a particular location are denominated serial cyclone clustering (SCC), and potentially lead to large societal impacts. We investigate the relationship between SCC affecting Western Europe and large‐scale weather regimes (WRs) in the North Atlantic‐European region in boreal winter. We find that SCC in low latitudes (45°N) is predominantly associated with the anticyclonic Greenland Blocking WR. In contrast, SCC in mid and high latitudes (55°N, 65°N) is mostly linked to different cyclonic WRs. Thereby, SCC occurs typically within a well‐established WR that builds up prior to SCC and decays after SCC. Thus, SCC events are closely associated with recurrent, quasi‐stationary and persistent large‐scale flow patterns (WRs). This mutual relationship reveals the potential of WRs in forecasting storm series and associated impacts on sub‐seasonal to seasonal time scales.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Serial cyclone clustering describes the occurrence of multiple extra‐tropical cyclones within a certain time frame and a spatially restricted region. Since extra‐tropical cyclones can be associated with strong winds and heavy precipitation, multiple occurrences can lead to large cumulative impacts in the affected areas. We analyze the relationship between serial cyclone clustering (SCC) in Western Europe and so‐called weather regimes (WRs) in the North Atlantic‐European region in boreal winter. These regimes describe slow evolving and enduring large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Relationships with certain regime types are identified but depend on the latitude at which the clustered frequency of extra‐tropical cyclones is found. When SCC occurs in low latitudes (45°N), it mostly appears coincident with anticyclonic large‐scale flow patterns. In contrast, SCC in mid and high latitudes (55°N, 65°N) often occurs simultaneously with different cyclonic regimes. We find that periods of SCC occur typically within WR life cycles pointing to the fact that both, the WRs and SCC periods, are interlinked. This relationship may facilitate forecasting storm series and associated impacts on time scales beyond 2 weeks.
    Description: Key Points: A close relationship is found between serial cyclone clustering (SCC) at 5°W and weather regimes (WRs) in the North Atlantic‐European region. SCC in mid and high latitudes (55°N, 65°N) is mainly associated with cyclonic and in low latitudes (45°N) with anticyclonic WR life cycles. Regardless of the selected latitude, SCC occurs mostly during an active regime life cycle and is manifested in a well‐established WR.
    Description: German Research Foundation
    Description: AXA Research Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001961
    Description: Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: BMBF ClimXtreme
    Description: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era-interim
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; serial cyclone clustering ; weather regimes ; atmospheric dynamics ; sub‐seasonal prediction
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Understanding summer wind systems over the eastern Mediterranean in a high‐resolution climate simulation (2022)
    Latt, Melissa R. ; Hochman, Assaf ; Caldas‐Alvarez, Alberto ; [et al.]
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Regional and local wind systems are often complex, particularly near coastal areas with a highly variable orography. Thus, the realistic representation of regional wind systems in weather and climate models is of strong relevance. Here, we evaluate the ability of a 13‐year convection‐permitting climate simulation in reproducing the interaction of several regional summer wind systems over the complex orography in the eastern Mediterranean region. The COSMO‐CLM simulations are driven by hourly ERA‐5 reanalysis and have a spatial resolution of 2.8 and 7.0 km. The simulated near‐surface wind fields are compared with unique very high‐resolution wind observations collected within the “Dead Sea Research Venue” project (DESERVE) and data from the Israel Meteorological Service synop network. The high‐resolution COSMO‐CLM simulations largely reproduce the main characteristics of the regional wind systems (Mediterranean and Dead Sea breeze, slope winds in the Judean Mountains and winds along the Jordan Rift valley), whereas ERA‐5 is only able to represent the Mediterranean Sea breeze. The high‐resolution simulations substantially improve the representation of regional winds, particularly over complex orography. Indeed, the 2.8 km simulation outperforms the 7.0 km run, on 88% of the days. Two mid‐July 2015 case studies show that only the 2.8 simulation can realistically simulate the penetration of the Mediterranean Sea Breeze into the Jordan Rift valley and complex interactions with other wind systems like the Dead Sea breeze. Our results may have profound implications for regional weather and climate prediction since very high‐resolution information seems to be necessary to reproduce the main summertime climatic features in this region. We envisage that such simulations may also be required at other regions with complex orography.
    Description: In this paper we show that COSMO‐CLM regional climate model simulations at 7.0 (CLM‐7.0) and 2.8km (CLM‐2.8) resolution can realistically reproduce near‐surface regional and local wind systems over the complex orography of the eastern Mediterranean as opposite to coarser resolutions (ERA‐5, 31 km). The Mediterranean and local Dead Sea breezes, slope winds over the Judean Mountains, and winds along the Jordan Rift valley are well represented both climatologically and on individual days. CLM‐2.8 captures the small‐scale variability of the wind field better than CLM‐7.0 particularly near the Dead Sea and on 88% of the days CLM‐2.8 represents wind speed even more realistically than CLM‐7.0. image
    Description: German Helmholtz Association (“Changing Earth” program)
    Description: AXA Research Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001961
    Description: Ministry of Science, Research and Arts
    Description: Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; complex orography ; convection permitting ; COSMO‐CLM ; Dead Sea ; eastern Mediterranean ; grid spacing ; regional climate modelling ; sea breeze
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Changes in Atmospheric Dynamics Over Dansgaard‐Oeschger Climate Oscillations Around 40 ka and Their Impact on Europe (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) climate variability during the last glaciation was first evidenced in ice cores and marine sediments, and is also recorded in various terrestrial paleoclimate archives in Europe. The relative synchronicity across Greenland, the North Atlantic and Europe implies a tight and fast coupling between those regions, most probably effectuated by an atmospheric transmission mechanism. In this study, we investigated the atmospheric changes during Greenland interstadial (GI) and stadial (GS) phases based on regional climate model simulations using two specific periods, GI‐10 and GS‐9 both around 40 ka, as boundary conditions. Our simulations accurately capture the changes in temperature and precipitation as reconstructed by the available proxy data. Moreover, the simulations depict an intensified and southward shifted eddy‐driven jet during the stadial period. Ultimately, this affects the near‐surface circulation toward more southwesterly and cyclonic flow in western Europe during the stadial period, explaining much of the seasonal climate variability recorded by the proxy data, including oxygen isotopes, at the considered proxy sites.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The climate during the last ice age varied between colder and warmer periods on timescales ranging from hundreds to thousands of years. This variability was first detected in Greenland ice cores and marine sediment cores of the North Atlantic, as well as in continental geological records in Europe. The variation between the colder and warmer periods occur mostly simultaneously in Greenland and in Europe, which is why the atmosphere is assumed to have an important role in transferring the climate signals. We simulated two different periods of the last ice age, one colder and one warmer around 40,000 years ago, using a regional climate model. The aim was to study how the climate and atmospheric circulation changed during these two periods. We find the eddy‐driven jet over the North Atlantic intensified and shifted southward during the colder period. The jet influences the near‐surface atmospheric circulation and leads to more southwesterly and cyclonic flow in western Europe. Oxygen isotope variations observed in western European paleoclimate records may be partly explained by different, more southern moisture sources on top of changes in seasonal temperatures.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Simulated temperatures agree with proxy data; precipitation is biased but GI‐10 versus GS‐9 differences are well captured〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The stadial winter jet stream is intensified and shifted southward, consistent with dominant southwesterly/cyclonic flow in western Europe〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Oxygen isotope signal changes at western European proxy sites may be explained not only by temperature but also by varying moisture sources〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: NRDIO
    Description: AXA Research Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001961
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5065/1dfh-6p97
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycle ; regional atmospheric dynamics ; regional climate modeling ; continental paleoclimate proxy ; Europe
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Regionally coupled atmosphere - ocean - marine biogeochemistry model ROM: 2. Studying the climate change signal in the North Atlantic and Europe (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Wiley, n/a(n/a), pp. e2019MS001646, ISSN: 1942-2466
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-06
    Description: Climate simulations for the North Atlantic and Europe for recent and future conditions simulated with the regionally coupled ROM model are analyzed and compared to the results from the MPI‐ESM. The ROM simulations also include a biogeochemistry and ocean tides. For recent climate conditions, ROM generally improves the simulations compared to the driving model MPI‐ESM. Reduced oceanic biases in the Northern Atlantic are found, as well as a better simulation of the atmospheric circulation, notably storm tracks and blocking. Regarding future climate projections for the 21st century following the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, MPI‐ESM and ROM largely agree qualitatively on the climate change signal over Europe. However, many important differences are identified. For example, ROM shows an SST cooling in the Subpolar Gyre which is not present in MPI‐ESM. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, ROM Arctic sea ice cover is thinner and reaches the seasonally ice‐free state by 2055, well before MPI‐ESM. This shows the decisive importance of higher ocean resolution and regional coupling for determining the regional responses to global warming trends. Regarding biogeochemistry, both ROM and MPI‐ESM simulate a widespread decline in winter nutrient concentration in the North Atlantic of up to ~35%. On the other hand, the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Arctic and in the North‐Western Atlantic starts earlier and the yearly primary production is enhanced in the Arctic in the late 21st century. These results clearly demonstrate the added value of ROM to determine more detailed and more reliable climate projections at the regional scale.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Dynamical downscaling of historical climate over CORDEX Central America domain with a regionally coupled atmosphere–ocean model (2018)
    SPRINGER
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, SPRINGER, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-27
    Description: The climate in Mexico and Central America is influenced by the Pacific and the Atlantic oceanic basins and atmospheric conditions over continental North and South America. These factors and important ocean–atmosphere coupled processes make the region’s climate a great challenge for global and regional climate modeling. We explore the benefits that coupled regional climate models may introduce in the representation of the regional climate with a set of coupled and uncoupled simulations forced by reanalysis and global model data. Uncoupled simulations tend to stay close to the large-scale patterns of the driving fields, particularly over the ocean, while over land they are modified by the regional atmospheric model physics and the improved orography representation. The regional coupled model adds to the reanalysis forcing the air–sea interaction, which is also better resolved than in the global model. Simulated fields are modified over the ocean, improving the representation of the key regional structures such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the Caribbean Low Level Jet. Higher resolution leads to improvements over land and in regions of intense air–sea interaction, e.g., off the coast of California. The coupled downscaling improves the representation of the Mid Summer Drought and the meridional rainfall distribution in southernmost Central America. Over the regions of humid climate, the coupling corrects the wet bias of the uncoupled runs and alleviates the dry bias of the driving model, yielding a rainfall seasonal cycle similar to that in the reanalysis-driven experiments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    The South Atlantic Anticyclone as a key player for the representation of the tropical Atlantic climate in coupled climate models (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-19
    Description: The key role of the South Atlantic Anticyclone (SAA) on the seasonal cycle of the tropical Atlantic is investigated with a regionally coupled atmosphere–ocean model for two different coupled domains. Both domains include the equatorial Atlantic and a large portion of the northern tropical Atlantic, but one extends southward, and the other northwestward. The SAA is simulated as internal model variability in the former, and is prescribed as external forcing in the latter. In the first case, the model shows significant warm biases in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Angola-Benguela front zone. If the SAA is externally prescribed, these biases are substantially reduced. The biases are both of oceanic and atmospheric origin, and are influenced by ocean–atmosphere interactions in coupled runs. The strong SST austral summer biases are associated with a weaker SAA, which weakens the winds over the southeastern tropical Atlantic, deepens the thermocline and prevents the local coastal upwelling of colder water. The biases in the basins interior in this season could be related to the advection and eddy transport of the coastal warm anomalies. In winter, the deeper thermocline and atmospheric fluxes are probably the main biases sources. Biases in incoming solar radiation and thus cloudiness seem to be a secondary effect only observed in austral winter. We conclude that the external prescription of the SAA south of 20°S improves the simulation of the seasonal cycle over the tropical Atlantic, revealing the fundamental role of this anticyclone in shaping the climate over this region.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Regionally coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐ sea ice‐marine biogeochemistry model ROM: 1. Description and validation. (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Wiley, ISSN: 1942-2466
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-17
    Description: The general circulation models used to simulate global climate typically feature resolution too coarse to reproduce many smaller scale processes, which are crucial to determining the regional responses to climate change. A novel approach to downscale climate change scenarios is presented which includes the interactions between the North Atlantic Ocean and the European shelves as well as their impact on the North Atlantic and European climate. The goal of this paper is to introduce the global ocean – regional atmosphere coupling concept and to show the potential benefits of this model system to simulate present day climate. A global ocean – sea ice – marine biogeochemistry model (MPIOM/HAMOCC) with regionally high horizontal resolution is coupled to an atmospheric regional model (REMO) and global terrestrial hydrology model (HD) via the OASIS coupler. Moreover, results obtained with ROM using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and ECHAM5/MPIOM CMIP3 historical simulations as boundary conditions are presented and discussed for the North Atlantic and North European region. The validation of all the model components, i.e. ocean, atmosphere, terrestrial hydrology and ocean biogeochemistry is performed and discussed. The careful and detailed validation of ROM provides evidence that the proposed model system improves the simulation of many aspects of the regional climate, remarkably the ocean, even though some biases persist in other model components, thus leaving potential for future improvement. We conclude that ROM is a powerful tool to estimate possible impacts of climate change on the regional scale.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    The regional MiKlip decadal prediction system for Europe: Hindcast skill for extremes and user‐oriented variables (2021)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: Regional climate predictions for the next decade are gaining importance, as this period falls within the planning horizon of politics, economy, and society. The potential predictability of climate indices or extremes at the regional scale is of particular interest. The German MiKlip project (“mid‐term climate forecast”) developed the first regional decadal prediction system for Europe at 0.44° resolution, based on the regional model COSMO‐CLM using global MPI‐ESM simulations as boundary conditions. We analyse the skill of this regional system focussing on extremes and user‐oriented variables. The considered quantities are related to temperature extremes, heavy precipitation, wind impacts, and the agronomy sector. Variables related to temperature (e.g., frost days, heat wave days) show high predictive skill (anomaly correlation up to 0.9) with very little dependence on lead‐time, and the skill patterns are spatially robust. The skill patterns for precipitation‐related variables (e.g., heavy precipitation days) and wind‐based indices (like storm days) are less skilful and more heterogeneous, particularly for the latter. Quantities related to the agronomy sector (e.g., growing degree days) show high predictive skill, comparable to temperature. Overall, we provide evidence that decadal predictive skill can be generally found at the regional scale also for extremes and user‐oriented variables, demonstrating how the utility of decadal predictions can be substantially enhanced. This is a very promising first step towards impact‐related modelling at the regional scale and the development of individual user‐oriented products for stakeholders.
    Description: The skill of the regional MiKlip decadal prediction system is analysed focussing on extremes and user‐oriented variables. Variables related to temperature extremes and the agronomy sector show high predictive skill with very little dependence on lead‐time. Skill patterns for precipitation‐related variables and wind‐based indices are less skilful and more heterogeneous, especially for the latter.
    Description: The study was mainly funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) under project FONA MiKlip‐II http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: AXA Research Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001961
    Keywords: 551.6 ; climate services ; Europe ; extremes ; MiKlip ; regional decadal predictions ; user needs
    Type: article
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