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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Plant Science Letters 36 (1984), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 0304-4211
    Keywords: RNase ; X-ray microanalysis ; Zea mays L. ; colloidal gold ; morphometry ; primary root
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0168-9452
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; Genetic transformation ; Gigaspora margarita ; Myc mutants ; Pisum sativum ; Rhizobium ; VAM
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0168-9452
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; colloidal gold ; fucose ; lectins ; maize ; root cap slime
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; Gigaspora margarita ; Umbelliferae ; extracts ; exudates ; flavonoids ; symbiosis. ; transformed roots ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 27 (1991), S. 345-352 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The blends of the water soluble polymers, PEO/HPC and PEO/CMC show crystallization of PEO over a wide composition range. The crystallinity of the PEO fraction decreases drastically beyond an HPC concentration of 70%, whereas it persists throughout the composition range in the case of the blend with CMC. This leads to the conclusion that at low concentrations, PEO is more compatible with HPC than with CMC. The films of the blends exhibit a skin as seen in the cross-sections of the films. Calorimetric studies show that annealing above Tm of PEO or prolonged annealing below Tm causes disorder of the PEO crystalline domains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words: Time of inoculation –Acacia holosericea–Bradyrhizobium sp. –Pisolithus tinctorius– Competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The complex interactions that occur in systems with more than one type of symbiosis were studied using one isolate of Bradyrhizobium sp. and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch inoculated on to the roots of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don in vitro. After a single inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp., bacteria typically entered the roots by forming infection threads in the root hair cells via the curling point of the root hair and/or after intercellular penetration. Sheath formation and intercellular penetration were observed on Acacia roots after a single inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius but no radial elongation of epidermal cells. Simultaneous inoculation with both microorganisms resulted in nodules and ectomycorrhiza on the root system, occasionally on the same lateral root. On lateral roots bearing nodules and ectomycorrhiza, the nodulation site was characterized by the presence of a nodule meristem and the absence of an infection thread; sheath formation and Hartig net development occurred regularly in the region of the roots adjacent to nodules. Prior inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. did not inhibit ectomycorrhizal colonization in root segments adjacent to nodules in which nodule meristems and infection threads were clearly present. Conversely, in ectomycorrhizae inoculated by bacteria, the nodule meristem and the infection thread were typically absent. These results show that simultaneous inoculation with both microorganisms inhibits infection thread development, thus conferring an advantage on fungal hyphae in the competition for infection sites. This suggests that fungal hyphae can modify directly and/or indirectly the recognition factors leading to nodule meristem initiation and infection thread development.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Time of inoculation ; Acacia holosericea ; Bradyrhizobium sp. ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complex interactions that occur in systems with more than one type of symbiosis were studied using one isolate of Bradyrhizobium sp. and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch inoculated on to the roots of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don in vitro. After a single inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp., bacteria typically entered the roots by forming infection threads in the root hair cells via the curling point of the root hair and/ or after intercellular penetration. Sheath formation and intercellular penetration were observed on Acacia roots after a single inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius but no radial elongation of epidermal cells. Simultaneous inoculation with both microorganisms resulted in nodules and ectomycorrhiza on the root system, occasionally on the same lateral root. On lateral roots bearing nodules and ectomycorrhiza, the nodulation site was characterized by the presence of a nodule meristem and the absence of an infection thread; sheath formation and Hartig net development occurred regularly in the region of the roots adjacent to nodules. Prior inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. did not inhibit ectomycorrhizal colonization in root segments adjacent to nodules in which nodule meristems and infection threads were clearly present. Conversely, in ectomycorrhizae inoculated by bacteria, the nodule meristem and the infection thread were typically absent. These results show that simultaneous inoculation with both microorganisms inhibits infection thread development, thus conferring an advantage on fungal hyphae in the competition for infection sites. This suggests that fungal hyphae can modify directly and/or indirectly the recognition factors leading to nodule meristem initiation and infection thread development.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; seedlings ; Gigaspora margarita ; fungi ; symbiosis ; hyphal growth ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; flavonoids ; carbon dioxide ; exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Carbon dioxide has been previously identified as a critical volatile factor that stimulates hyphal growth ofGigaspora margarita, a vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, and we determined the optimal concentration at 2.0%. The beneficial effect of CO2 on fungal development is also visible in the presence of stimulatory (quercetin, myricetin) or inhibitory (naringenin) flavonoids. Sterile root exudates from carrot seedlings stimulate the hyphal development ofG. margarita in the presence of optimal CO2 enrichment. Three flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, rutin or quercetin 3-rutinoside) and two flavones (apigenin, luteolin) were identified in carrot root exudates by means of HPLC retention time. Flavonols like quercetin and kaempferol are known to have stimulatory effects on hyphal growth ofG. margarita.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Gigaspora margarita ; Glomus intraradix ; PCR ; mycorrhizae ; rDNA gene ; root organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The symbiosis between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and host plants develops after successful interactions between both partners. These interactions probably involve signal molecules produced by the host plant, by the fungi, or by both. So far the biotrophic status of VAM fungi has hampered the understanding of the processes regulating their physiology. However, among different methods for co-cultivating VAM fungi, root organ cultures (ROC) appear to be a useful technique for studying VAM development. This system has been useful in defining the nutritional requirements of VAM fungi in the precolonization stage and in obtaining axenic fungal material in various developmental stages. The work discussed here focuses on the application of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology and the potential of promoting hyphal growth in the absence of the plant. These techniques are being used to study VAM fungi in two main areas. The first concerns the determination of the DNA sequences coding for the SSU ribosomal RNA of two VAM fungi. This approach has allowed the design of specific primers for the rapid identification and quantification of VAM fungi. The second area of research concerns the potential use of PCR technology to study selective expression of specific genes during fungal spore development in defined in vitro conditions. The achievement of this future prospect depends on the ability to prepare PCR-based cDNA libraries from small amounts of fungal material after stimulation of hyphal growth with CO2 and plant flavonols.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi ; Axenic culture ; DAPI ; Gigaspora rosea ; Multiphoton microscopy ; Nuclei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution and fate of nuclei of the arbuscular-my-corrhizal fungusGigaspora rosea during late stages of axenic cultures were studied in fixed cultures by transmitted light, conventional and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and in live cultures with two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Mature specimens not yet showing apical septation displayed oval-shaped nuclei localized in lateral positions of the hypha all along the germ-tube length. Beside these, round-shaped nuclei were found to migrate along the central germ-tube core. Some (rare) germ-tube areas, delimited by septa and containing irregularly shaped, much brighter fluorescent nuclei were also found. Specimens that had just initiated the septation process after germ-tube growth arrest displayed round or oval-shaped nuclei in several portions of the germ tubes. These hyphal areas often alternated with other septa-delimited cytoplasmic clusters which contained distorted, brightly fluorescent nuclei. Completely septated specimens mostly lacked nuclei along their germ tubes. However, highly fluorescent chromatin masses appeared within remnants of cytoplasmic material, often compressed between close septa. Our results provide a first clear picture of the in vivo distribution of nuclei along arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal germ tubes issued from resting spores, and suggest that selective areas of their coenocytic hyphae are under specific, single nuclear control. They indicate as well that random autolytic processes occur along senescingG. rosea germ tubes, probably as a consequence of the absence of a host root signal for mycorrhizal formation. Finally, the data presented here allow us to envisage the fate of nuclei released by the germinating spore after nonsymbiotic fungal growth arrest.
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