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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing the abundance and metabolic capacities of microorganisms in Eastern Coastal Plain sediments (1994)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 28 (1994), S. 351-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The abundance and metabolic capacities of microorganisms residing in 49 sediment samples from 4 boreholes in Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments were examined. Radiolabeled time-course experiments assessing in situ mirobial capacities were initiated within 30 min of core recovery. Acetate (1-14C- and3H-) incorporation into lipids, microbial colony forming units, and nutrient limitations were examined in aliquots of subsurface sediments. Water-saturated sands exhibited activity and numbers of viable microorganisms that were orders of magnitude greater than those of the low permeability dense clays. Increased radioisotope utilization rates were observed after 6–24-h incubation times when sediments were amended with additional water and/or nutrients. Supplements of water, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, glucose, or minerals resulted in the stimulation of microbial activities, as evidenced by the rate of acetate incorporation into microbial lipids. Additions of water or phosphate resulted in the greatest stimulation of microbial activities. Regardless of depth, sediments that contained 〉20% clay particles exhibited lower activities and biomass densities, and greater stimulation with abundant water supplementation than did sediments containing 〉66% sands and hydraulic conductivities 〉 200 μm sec.−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662028
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between geochemical and biological estimates of subsurface microbial activities (1994)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 28 (1994), S. 335-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Geochemical and biological estimates of in situ microbial activities were compared from the aerobic and microaerophilic sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Radioisotope time-course experiments suggested oxidation rates greater than millimolar quantities per year for acetate and glucose. Geochemical analyses assessing oxygen consumption, soluble organic carbon utilization, sulfate reduction, and carbon dioxide production suggested organic oxidation rates of nano- to micromolar quantities per year. Radiotracer timecourse experiments appeared to overestimate rates of organic carbon oxidation, sulfate reduction, and biomass production by a factor of 103–106 greater than estimates calculated from groundwater analyses. Based on the geochemical evidence, in situ microbial metabolism was estimated to be in the nano- to micromolar range per year, and the average doubling time for the microbial community was estimated to be centuries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662027
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of selection and fate of substrates supplied to anaerobic bacteria involved in the corrosion of pipe-line steel (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1992), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Corrosion ; Sulphate=reducing bacteria ; Impedance spectroscopy ; Carbon steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The corrosion of AISI C1020 carbon steel in an anoxic, marine, sulphide-containing environment was examined as a function of bacterial physiology and consortial complexity. The carbon steel was exposed to three organism;Eubacterium limosum, Desulfovibrio sp. andDesulfobacter sp. which were provided with H2/CO2, butanol, glucose, and acetate as carbon and electron sources. A consortium of these bacteria utilizing hydrogen gave rise to relatively high corrosion rates (5.7×10−4 mhos cm−2) with respect to corrosion resulting from bacteria supplied with organic electron sources (0.6–1.6×10−4 mhos cm−2). Disproportionation of electrons between sulphate reduction and fermentation had a significant effect on the corrosion rate in the case ofDesulfovibrio. Surface examination using scanning electron microscopy coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy supported the hypothesis that the corrosion rate was controlled by the relative intactness of a ferrous sulphide film in which the bacteria were embedded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569768
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nutrient dosing on subsurface methanotrophic populations and trichloroethylene degradation (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1997), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: in situ bioremediation; subsurface; methanotrophs; TCE; nutrient availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In in situ bioremediation demonstration at the Savannah River Site in Aiken, South Carolina, trichloroethylene-degrading microorganisms were stimulated by delivering nutrients to the TCE-contaminated subsurface via horizontal injection wells. Microbial and chemical monitoring of groundwater from 12 vertical wells was used to examine the effects of methane and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) dosing on the methanotrophic populations and on the potential of the subsurface microbial communities to degrade TCE. Densities of methanotrophs increased 3–5 orders of magnitude during the methane- and nutrient-injection phases; this increase coincided with the higher methane levels observed in the monitoring wells. TCE degradation capacity, although not directly tied to methane concentration, responded to the methane injection, and responded more dramatically to the multiple-nutrient injection. These results support the crucial role of methane, nitrogen, and phosphorus as amended nutrients in TCE bioremediation. The enhancing effects of nutrient dosing on microbial abundance and degradative potentials, coupled with increased chloride concentrations, provided multiple lines of evidence substantiating the effectiveness of this integrated in situ bioremediation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900350
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and description ofHaloanaerobium praevalens gen. nov. and sp. nov., an obligately anaerobic halophile common to Great Salt Lake sediments (1983)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 9 (1983), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new halophilic species is described that was isolated from the hypersaline (〉20%) surface sediments of Great Salt Lake, Utah, via transfer from MPN end-dilution tubes that contained a complex organic medium. The organism was an obligate anaerobe that proliferated optimally at approximately 13% salt, but did not grow significantly at 〈2% or ≥30% salt. It stained Gram-negative, was nonmotile, nonsporing, and contained an outer-wall membranous layer. The complex lipids of the organism were fatty acid esters that did not change dramatically during growth at 5% or 25% NaCl. The DNA base composition was 27.0±1 mol% guanosine plus cytosine. The temperature range for growth was 〉5°C and 〈60°C, the pH range was between 6.0 and 9.0. The doubling time for growth in complex medium with 25% NaCl was 7 h. The organism utilized carbohydrates, peptides, and amino acids. Butyrate, acetate, propionate. H2, and CO2 were the major fermentation end products formed. Glucose, mannose, fructose,n-acetyl glucosamine, and pectin were used as energy sources for growth. Methylmercaptan was produced from methionine degradation. The nameHaloanaerobium praevalens gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed for the type strain GSL which has been deposited as DSM 2228. The taxonomic relationships ofH. praevalens to other obligate halophiles and anaerobes, as well as its biological role in the Great Salt Lake microbial ecosystem, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567586
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  • 6
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    Insights into the structure of mixed CO2/CH4 in gas hydrates (2015)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The exchange of carbon dioxide for methane in natural gas hydrates is an attractive approach to harvesting CH 4 for energy production while simultaneously sequestering CO 2 . In addition to the energy and environmental implications, the solid solution of clathrate hydrate (CH 4 ) 1–x (CO 2 ) x ·5.75H 2 O provides a model system to study how the distinct bonding and shapes of CH 4 and CO 2 influence the structure and properties of the compound. High-resolution neutron diffraction was used to examine mixed CO 2 /CH 4 gas hydrates. CO 2 -rich hydrates had smaller lattice parameters, which were attributed to the higher affinity of the CO 2 molecule interacting with H 2 O molecules that form the surrounding cages, and resulted in a reduction in the unit-cell volume. Experimental nuclear scattering densities illustrate how the cage occupants and energy landscape change with composition. These results provide important insights on the impact and mechanisms for the structure of mixed CH 4 /CO 2 gas hydrate.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 7
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    Biogeochemical Dynamics in Zero-Valent Iron Columns:  Implications for Permeable Reactive Barriers (1999)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0013-936X
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5851
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 8
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    Long-term solid-phase fate of co-precipitated U(VI)-Fe(III) following biological iron reduction by Thermoanaerobacter (2012)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-01
    Description: The texture and mineralogy of solid phases resulting from biogeochemical metal reduction of U(VI)-FeOOH slurries was investigated over a period of four years. Solid-phase reaction products were analyzed with EXAFS, TEM, and XRD following fermentative reduction of uranium-loaded ferric hydroxide precursors with 0.01 and 0.05 cation mole fraction (CMF) U by cultures of Thermoanaerobacter sp. strain TOR-39. Only minor changes could be distinguished between 3 and 51 months for most slurries. Magnetite, goethite, uraninite, and minor akaganéite were present after 3 months at both U-CMFs. Akaganéite was not detected by XRD after 3 months, but was still observed by TEM after 50 months. Increasing uranium in the starting slurries led to a greater proportion of oxidized iron in the solid-phase products. Euhedral goethite and subhedral to euhedral magnetite were observed at all times. Uraninite was observed in clusters of 〈10 nm particles without any particular relationship to the iron minerals. HRTEM imaging indicated that even the smallest uraninite particles were well crystallized, with textures that remained consistent throughout the duration of experiments. X-ray absorption spectra after 3 months indicated 100% and 96.4% U(IV) in 0.01 and 0.05 CMF U slurries, respectively. EXAFS spectra were consistent with uraninite at both uranium levels, plus additional non-uraninite U(IV) for 0.05 CMF U. One 0.05 CMF U culture slurry was found to have a lower pH and a more oxidized final iron mineral assemblage; in this case uraninite was not observed by XRD, but large (101 nm average diameter) rounded uraninite grains were observed by TEM. These grains were observed in chains or aggregates often connected by necks, in textures suggestive of biological influence. HRTEM demonstrated each grain was composed of poorly oriented, primary, 2–5 nm uraninite crystallites. Uraninite crystal growth occurred by nanoparticle aggregation, but ripening was not observed even though incubation temperatures were held at 65 °C for 20 days. Thus, previous studies of biogenic nanoparticulate uraninite short-term reactivity are likely to be representative of systems aged over a period of years.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 9
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    Geochemical Processes Governing the Fate and Transport of Chromium(III) and Chromium(VI) in Soils (2011)
    Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-01
    Description: Chromium has served as an exceptional and necessary elemental component of many industrial processes and consumer products. Its prevalence in the global environment as both a dissolved and wind-borne constituent has prompted concern during the last several decades due to the large migration potential and biological toxicity of various Cr chemical species. The objective of this study was to develop an improved understanding and predictive capability of the rates and mechanisms of competing geochemical redox and sorption reactions that govern the fate and transport of Cr(III) and C(VI) in heterogeneous subsurface environments. Batch and miscible displacement experiments, coupled with solid-phase spectroscopy methods, were utilized to quantify the interaction of Cr with subsurface materials acquired from three geographically distinct locations within the continental United States that represented soils from different Department of Energy facilities known to have issues regarding Cr contamination. Soil chemical and mineralogical properties were found to be important factors controlling the mechanisms of Cr-solid phase interactions, with many of the reactive processes being time dependent. Both sorption and redox reactions impacted Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-solid phase interactions and were modeled as nonlinear, nonequilibrium or equilibrium, reversible or nonreversible reactive processes. The research investigations within this study highlight the environmental significance of Cr speciation and solid-phase reactivity in heterogeneous subsurface soil systems with contrasting geochemical and mineralogical properties.
    Electronic ISSN: 1539-1663
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
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  • 10
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    Pore‐size constraints on the activity and survival of subsurface bacteria in a late cretaceous shale‐sandstone sequence, northwestern New Mexico (1997)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0149-0451
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-0529
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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