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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 3203-3206 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The current from a p-type quantum well caused by the hole tunneling in applied electric field, is calculated theoretically for semiconductors with the valence band described by the Luttinger's Hamiltonian. Although the ground state in a well is formed by heavy holes, at nonzero hole momenta, it contains the admixture of light hole states with a low effective mass and high probability of tunneling through the barrier. This fact increases the dark current by several orders of magnitude, as compared with a primitive theory assuming light and heavy holes as independent particles. The current–voltage characteristic for a dark current is calculated and its dependences on quantum well parameters and doping level are discussed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 103 (1995), S. 5144-5148 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The family of nematic liquid crystals has been recently enlarged with the class of metallorganic molecules. Among them, AZPAC [4,4′-bis(hexiloxy)-azoxybenzene–palladium complex] presents some unusual behavior as a transitory "ferroelectric'' state, which we explain by considering bound multimers of AZPAC of peculiar steric conformation. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 98 (1994), S. 3076-3079 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 99 (1995), S. 9485-9490 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 70 (2000), S. 3-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words viscoplastic flow ; boundary-value problem ; analytical solution ; self-similar solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Nonstationary flow of a viscoplastic medium between two parallel plates is considered for the case of a varying pressure gradient. The problem is reduced to the Stephan problem, with the condition on the boundary separating the flow domain from the quasi-rigid domain. Four multiparameter families of exact solutions are found. The first family describes the flow decelerations up to a full stop. The second family determines the development of the flow from the state of rest as the pressure gradient increases. The third family describes the development of the flow for the case where (1) the pressure gradient is constant and exceeds the threshold value related to the yield stress, (2) the upper plate does not move, and (3) the lower plate moves with a constant acceleration. Finally, the fourth family determines the flow retardation, when the pressure gradient is constant and is less than the threshold value. The decrease in the flow of the viscoplastic medium can be achieved for certain values of parameters by increasing the quasi-rigid domain, whereas the viscoplastic flow remains unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 174-192 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Membrane biophysics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si descrivono le proprietà flessoelettriche dei seguenti sistemi liotropici: monostrati, bistrati, fasi lamellari lipide-acqua, membrane con lipidi marcati e biomembrane. Si considerano strati lipidici (a un componente o miscelati) e strati lipidi-proteina. Si discutono in dettaglio diversi meccanismi molecolari (dipolari e quadripolari) con flipflop libero e bloccato e con diffusione laterale libera e bloccata. Le misurazioni del potenziale di superficie in monostrati e dell'anisotropia diamagnetica dei bistrati sono usati per calcolare i contributi dei diversi meccanismi. Il coefficiente flessoelettrico della superficie è tipicamente −5·10−11 statC. Le biomembrane con diffusione laterale libera delle proteine integrali (coniche e dipolari) mostrerebbero flessoelettricità dipolare, mentre quelle con diffusione laterale bloccata (alto contenuto di proteine) avrebbero flessoelettricità quadripolare. Il coefficiente flessoelettrico delle biomembrane sembra essere di un ordine di grandezza maggiore di quello dei bistrati privi di proteine e sia i segni positivi che quelli negativi sono possibili. Alcuni fenomeni meccanico-elettrici nei sistemi di membrane sono discussi in relazione alla flessoelettricità.
    Abstract: Резюме Описываются флексоэлектрические свойства следуюэих лиотропных систем: монослои, двойные слои, слоистые ипидно-водяные фазы, черные липидныеv мембраны и биомембраны. Рассматрибаются липидные слои и липидно-протеиновые слои. Подробно обсуждаются различные молекулярные механизмы. Для оценки вклада различных механизмов используются измерения поверхностных потенциалов в монослоях и измерения диамагнитной анизотропии двойных слоев. Типичная область коэффициента флексоэлектричества составляет −5·10−11 франклин. Биомемьраны со свободной поперечной диффузией интегральных протеинов обнаруживают дипольное флексоэлектричество, тогда кака мембраны с блокированной поперечной диффузией—квадрупольное флексоэлектричество. Флексоэлектрические коэффициенты биомембран, по-видимому, на порядок выше, чем флексоэлектрические коэффициенты для двойных слоев, и возможны знака: положительный и отрицательный. В связи с явлением флексоэлектричества обсуждаются некоторые механоэлектрические явления в мембранных системах.
    Notes: Summary Flexoelectric properties of the following lyotropic systems are described: monolayers, bilayers, lamellar lipid-water phases, black lipid membranes and biomembranes. Lipid layers (one-component and mixed) and lipid-protein layers are considered. Different molecular mechanisms (dipolar and quadrupolar) at free and blocked flip-flop and at free and blocked lateral diffusion are discussed in details. Surface potential measurements in monolayers and diamagnetic anisotropy of bilayers are used to evaluate the contribution of the different mechanisms. The area flexoelectric coefficient is typically −5·10−11 statC. Biomembranes with free lateral diffusion of the integral proteins (conical and dipolar ones) would exhibit dipolar flexoelectricity, while those with blocked lateral diffusion (high protein content) would exhibit quadrupolar flexoelectricity. The flexoelectric coefficient of biomembranes seems to be one order of magnitude higher than that of the protein-free bilayers and both positive and negative signs are possible. Some mechano-electrical phenomena in membrane systems are discussed in connection to the flexoelectricity.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 28 (1999), S. 346-350 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Mechanosensitivity ; Stretch sensitivity ; Curvature sensitivity ; Potassium channels ; Locust muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Patch clamp recordings have been made from adult locust (Schistocerca gregaria) muscle membrane to study the mechanosensitivity of potassium channels (BK and IK) in cell-attached patches by transiently applying measured pressures to the contents of the patch pipettes. The aim of the investigations was to demonstrate a novel gating behaviour by pressure of the BK channel in contrast to the familiar behaviour of the IK channel. The open probability (p 0) of the IK channel increased rapidly in response to a pressure step and monotonically during a pressure ramp. This gating was readily repeatable and rapidly reversible. The relationship between ln[p 0/(1–p 0)] and transmembrane pressure was linear. In comparison, p 0 for the BK channel was also increased by pressure, but its gating was delayed, cumulative, and hysteretic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 13 (1986), S. 139-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Membrane curvature ; flexoelectricity ; lateral lipid exchange ; displacement current generation ; phosphatidylethanolamine/n-decane BLM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Upon periodical bending of a BLM, by means of oscillating hydrostatic pressure with sound frequency, the generation of an a.c. electric current with the same frequency can be observed under short circuit conditions. Previously, this phenomenon was attributed by us to a displacement current due to the oscillating flexoelectric polarization. The latter is proportional to the membrane curvature and depends on the lipid dipole moment and surface charge. The theory of this effect is outlined here. Earlier results concerning dipolar and quadrupolar contributions to the total current are presented and new expressions about charge contributions are derived for the two basic regimes of free and blocked lateral lipid exchange. Further, a systematic study of the frequency dependence of the amplitude and phase of the curvature-electric signal from a bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine/n-decane BLM is reported. Constant membrane curvature at each vibration frequency was assured by a calibration of the capacitance current observed with a small transmembrane voltage. The frequency dependence of the curvature-electric current amplitude was characterized by two regions: low frequency plateau and high frequency slope, the boundary between them being about 160 Hz. Such behaviour suggested a switching of the mechanism of membrane polarization from free to blocked lateral lipid exchange. Frequency dependence of the phase shift was characterized by low frequency and high frequency plateaus and a gradual transition between them. From phase measurements on initially curved membranes the sign of the membrane flexo-coefficient was found to be negative. The influence of some modifiers of the surface charge and surface dipole, as well as of the membrane conductivity, upon the value of the effect was studied. Surface charge was separately measured by the internal field compensation method under an ionic strength gradient. The membrane flexoelectric coefficient was evaluated and compared to the theoretical predictions. A conclusion was drawn that under the present experimental conditions the main contribution to the effect comes from the curvatureinduced shift of the surface charge equilibrium.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 17 (1989), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Membrane curvature ; flexoelectricity ; patch-clamp technique ; self-assembled lipid bilayers ; locust muscle membranes ; inside-out patches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Methods for applying sound pressure to membrane patches formed at the tips of patch-clamp pipettes have been developed. Artificial membrane patches were formed from diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine using a pipette dipping technique. Natural membrane patches were excised (inside-out mode) from collagenase-treated locust muscle membrane. Curvature-electric signals were registered under both voltage clamp and current clamp conditions. The phenomenon of flexoelectricity in membranes has previously been attributed to curvature-induced polarization originating from the liquid crystalline properties of membranes. The estimated magnitude (2·10-18 C) of the flexoelectric coefficient of the artificial lipid bilayers is consistent with previous findings while that of the muscle membrane was in certain cases several times larger. The present study is the first to report on flexoelectricity in a natural membrane and raises the question of the biological significance of this phenomenon.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 17 (1990), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Dilauroyl lecithin ; palmitoyl lysolecithin ; black foam film stability ; membrane fusion modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Black foam films (BFF) from water solutions of the phospholipid dilauroyl lecithin (DLL) with admixtures of palmitoyl lysolecithin (Lyso) were formed. Microscopic BFF were studied by the method of Scheludko and Exerowa. The formation probability for BFF and the BFF lifetime in a black state before film rupture were measured as functions of the film composition. At a fixed overal lipid concentration it was shown that an increased percentage of Lyso exponentially increased the lifetime of the film up to the CMC of Lyso. This stabilizing Lyso effect nicely corresponds with its stabilizing action on the waiting time for fusion of two contacting black lipid membranes (BLM), as found by Chernomordik et al. In contrast, Lyso is known to destabilize a single BLM. In this way we have found experimental proof of our earlier prediction that Lyso should have opposite effects on the lifetimes of BLM and BFF. In addition, we have shown for the first time that foam films made of lipids are a convenient model for monlayer membrane fusion studies. This model is characterized by its simplicity and experimental reliability and provides a means for quick screening of the fusogenic capacity of various amphiphilic and hydrophilic admixtures.
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