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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: The state of the art of extraction with compressed gases. Gases under high pressure have the properties of solvents. Their utilization has led to the development of novel methods of separation, extending materials separation process engineering by a new group of process techniques. Catalysts can be dissolved in high-density gas phases and thus effect favourable reaction conditions.In the neighbourhood of the critical temperature, liquid-like densities of the compressed gas are already achieved at relatively moderate pressures in the range from 50 to about 300 bar. A comparatively high solvent power of the gaseous phase ensues. This property of a compressed gas can be varied within wide limits by a change of pressure and temperature. With decreasing density it approaches the behaviour of a normal gas, with increasing density that of a liquid. Thus, there is the possibility of separating out the dissolved material again. The working temperature of such a process is largely determined by the critical temperature of the gas employed. Since a number of readily available gases have critical temperatures in the region up to 50°C, the first separations to be examined during the development of this process were those of temperature-sensitive and low-volatile mixtures. Polar materials having substantially higher critical temperatures such as ammonia, methanol and water promise a further series of possible applications.
    Notes: Gase unter hohem Druck haben die Eigenschaften von Lösungsmitteln. Ihre Verwendung führt zu neuartigen Trennverfahren, die die Verfahrenstechnik der Stofftrennung um eine Gruppe neuer Verfahrensweisen erweitern. In der chemischen Reaktionstechnik können Katalysatoren in Gasphasen hoher Dichte gelöst und dadurch günstige Reaktionsbedingungen bewirkt werden.In der Nähe der kritischen Temperatur werden bei relativ mäßigen Drücken im Bereich von 50 bis etwa 300 bar bereits flüssigkeitsähnliche Dichten des komprimierten Gases erreicht. Es ergibt sich eine vergleichsweise hohe Lösefähigkeit der gasförmigen Phasen. Diese Eigenschaft eines komprimierten Gases kann durch Ändern von Druck und Temperatur in weiten Grenzen variiert werden. Mit abnehmender Dichte nähert es sich dem Verhalten eines normalen Gases, mit zunehmender Dichte dem einer Flüssigkeit. Somit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, die gelösten Stoffe wieder auszufällen. Durch die kritische Temperatur des verwendeten Gases ist die Arbeitstemperatur eines solchen Verfahrens weitgehend festgelegt. Da eine Reihe leicht verfügbarer Gase kritische Temperaturen im Bereich bis 50°C besitzen, wurde bei Entwicklung dieser Verfahren zunächst die Trennung temperaturempfindlicher und schwerflüchtiger Stoffmischungen behandelt. Darüber hinaus versprechen polare Stoffe mit erheblich höher liegenden kritischen Temperaturen wie Ammoniak, Methanol und Wasser eine Reihe weiterer Anwendungsmöglichkeiten.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial tension of the binary systems pelargonic acid/ethane, pelargonic acid/carbon dioxide, linoleic acid/ethane, and linoleic acid/carbon dioxide was measured at 313, 333, and 353 K and pressures ranging up to 250 bar, using the capillary rise and Du Nouy ring methods. Both these methods yield similar values. The surface excess of supercritical components is deduced from the measurement results with the aid of Gibbs adsorption equation. The surface excess concentration increases with increasing gas activity, runs through a pronounced maximum, later decreasing rapidly to very small values. Near the surface excess maximum, a falling film of fatty acids disintegrates into a mist of tiny droplets.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present contribution illustrates a way of developing a continuous separation process for near critical fluid extraction, on the example of separation of soya oil from lecithin. First, a suitable solvent was selected. Phase equilibria were measured in autoclaves. Operating conditions for a pilot plant were derived from the phase equilibrium data. The pilot plant experiments provided the necessary data for designing a production plant. Computer programs for phase equilibrium, stage to stage and mass and heat balance calculations were used in order to minimize the number of experiments. A production plant with a capacity of 500 t/a of raw lecithin was designed on the basis of experimental and computational results. A cost estimation, based on tenders, showed that it is more economical to produce lecithin by near critical fluid extraction than by conventional acetone extraction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 15 (1992), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wood chips were treated with gaseous mixtures of monomethylamine and water vapour at temperatures between 160 and 120°C and pressurs ranging between 1.5 and 7.0 MPa. The degradation products were subsequently extracted with different solvents at ambient pressure. First, The degradation products of lignin were extracted with highly selective organic solvents such as diethyl ether or 2-butanone. Then, the remaining decomposition products were extracted with water or an aqueous solution of monomethylamine. The latter extract contains the degradation products of the hemicelluloses in a relatively high concentration. After a three hour digestion, the residue obtained from spruce had a lignin content of 3.1 wt-% (pine: 3.7 wt-%; birch 0.3 wt-%). The total yield of unbleached cellulose was approximately 60 wt-%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gemische schwerflüchtiger und wärmeempfindlicher Stoffe lassen sich mit komprimierten Gasen in Gegenstromkolonnen trennen, und zwar bei tieferer Temperatur als bei einer Vakuumdestillation. Der Zusatz eines Schleppmittels ermöglicht eine Veränderung der relativen Flüchtigkeiten. Daß ein solches Verfahren technisch realisiert werden kann, zeigt das Beispiel der Abtrennung der Ölsäuremonoglyceride aus einem Ölsäureglyceridgemisch bei z. B. 110°C/135 bar. Als komprimiertes Gas wurde Propan verwendet, als Schleppmittel Aceton.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 43 (1971), S. 856-861 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mit Hilfe der Zustandsgleichung von Redlich und Kwong wurden die Phasengleichgewichte binärer Systeme mit einer überkritischen Komponente berechnet. Neben den p, V, T-Daten der reinen Stoffe wird hierzu lediglich ein Zustandspunkt des binären Systems auf der Siedelinie benötigt. Die Methode wurde an den Systemen Methan/ n-Pentan, Methan/n-Heptan, Methan/n-Decan, Schwefelwasserstoff/n-Pentan und Schwefelwasserstoff/n-Decan geprüft, die auch im kritischen Gebiet nach der vorge schlagenen Methode befriedigend dargestellt werden können.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Taupunkt ; retrograde Kondensation ; Phasengleichgewichte ; Erdgase ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 60 (1988), S. 700-702 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Überkritische Extraktion ; Holzaufschluß ; Cellulose-Gewinnung ; Lignin ; Hochdruck ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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