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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similarity-Based Models of Word Cooccurrence Probabilities (1999)
    Springer
    Machine learning 34 (1999), S. 43-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: Statistical language modeling ; sense disambiguation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In many applications of natural language processing (NLP) it is necessary to determine the likelihood of a given word combination. For example, a speech recognizer may need to determine which of the two word combinations “eat a peach” and ”eat a beach” is more likely. Statistical NLP methods determine the likelihood of a word combination from its frequency in a training corpus. However, the nature of language is such that many word combinations are infrequent and do not occur in any given corpus. In this work we propose a method for estimating the probability of such previously unseen word combinations using available information on “most similar” words. We describe probabilistic word association models based on distributional word similarity, and apply them to two tasks, language modeling and pseudo-word disambiguation. In the language modeling task, a similarity-based model is used to improve probability estimates for unseen bigrams in a back-off language model. The similarity-based method yields a 20% perplexity improvement in the prediction of unseen bigrams and statistically significant reductions in speech-recognition error. We also compare four similarity-based estimation methods against back-off and maximum-likelihood estimation methods on a pseudo-word sense disambiguation task in which we controlled for both unigram and bigram frequency to avoid giving too much weight to easy-to-disambiguate high-frequency configurations. The similarity-based methods perform up to 40% better on this particular task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007537716579
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Efficient Extension to Mixture Techniques for Prediction and Decision Trees (1999)
    Springer
    Machine learning 36 (1999), S. 183-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: mixture models ; decision and prediction trees ; on-line learning ; statistical language modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We present an efficient method for maintaining mixtures of prunings of a prediction or decision tree that extends the previous methods for “node-based” prunings (Buntine, 1990; Willems, Shtarkov, & Tjalkens, 1995; Helmbold & Schapire, 1997; Singer, 1997) to the larger class of edge-based prunings. The method includes an online weight-allocation algorithm that can be used for prediction, compression and classification. Although the set of edge-based prunings of a given tree is much larger than that of node-based prunings, our algorithm has similar space and time complexity to that of previous mixture algorithms for trees. Using the general online framework of Freund and Schapire (1997), we prove that our algorithm maintains correctly the mixture weights for edge-based prunings with any bounded loss function. We also give a similar algorithm for the logarithmic loss function with a corresponding weight-allocation algorithm. Finally, we describe experiments comparing node-based and edge-based mixture models for estimating the probability of the next word in English text, which show the advantages of edge-based models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007670818503
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An overview of automated reasoning and related fields (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of automated reasoning 1 (1985), S. 5-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0670
    Keywords: AI ; automated: reasoning/programming/theorem proving ; computational logic ; error correction ; induction, inference rules ; intelligent robot ; knowledge representation ; knowledge-based software ; logic programming ; multisensor integration and fusion ; object-oriented reasoning ; predicate calculus, program: synthesis/verification ; robotics, strategy ; verification, very high level languages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This article provides an overview of automated reasoning and of the various fields for which it is relevant. It takes the form of a collection of articles, each covering some field and each written by an expert in that field. A field is introduced, its elements reviewed, the current state of the art given, the basic problems discussed, and the various goals listed. Although individually the goals of each field present a wide spectrum, collectively the fields share the interest of automating the process known as reasoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00244288
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifiers, Anaphora, and Intensionality (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of logic, language and information 6 (1997), S. 219-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9583
    Keywords: Quantification ; anaphora ; intensional verbs ; syntax-interface ; lexical-functionalgrammar ; linear logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) functional structures (f-structures) for sentences and their semanticinterpretations can be formalized in linear logic in a way thatcorrectly explains the observed interactions between quantifier scopeambiguity, bound anaphora and intensionality. Our linear-logic formalization of the compositional properties ofquantifying expressions in natural language obviates the need forspecial mechanisms, such as Cooper storage, in representing thescoping possibilities of quantifying expressions. Instead, thesemantic contribution of a quantifier is recorded as a linear-logicformula whose use in a proof will establish the scope of thequantifier. Different proofs can lead to different scopes. In eachcomplete proof, the properties of linear logic ensure thatquantifiers are properly scoped. The interactions between quantified NPs and intensional verbs such as’’seek‘‘ are also accounted for in this deductive setting. A singlespecification in linear logic of the argument requirements ofintensional verbs is sufficient to derive the correct readingpredictions for intensional-verb clauses both with nonquantified andwith quantified direct objects. In particular, both de dictoand de re readings are derived for quantified objects. Theeffects of type-raising or quantifying-in rules in other frameworksjust follow here as linear-logic theorems. While our approach resembles current categorial approaches inimportant ways (Moortgat, 1988, 1992a; Carpenter, 1993; Morrill, 1994)it differs from them in allowing the greater compositional flexibility ofcategorial semantics (van Benthem, 1991)while maintaining a precise connection to syntax. As a result, we areable to provide derivations for certain readings of sentences withintensional verbs and complex direct objects whose derivation inpurely categorial accounts of the syntax-semantics interface appearsto require otherwise unnecessary semantic decompositions of lexicalentries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008224124336
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  • 5
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    Water, Vol. 10, Pages 1864: Evapotranspiration of the Brazilian Pampa Biome: Seasonality and Influential Factors (2018)
    MDPI
    In: Water
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Experimentally characterizing evapotranspiration (ET) in different biomes around the world is an issue of interest for different areas of science. ET in natural areas of the Brazilian Pampa biome has still not been assessed. In this study, the actual ET (ETact) obtained from eddy covariance measurements over two sites of the Pampa biome was analyzed. The objective was to evaluate the energy partition and seasonal variability of the actual ET of the Pampa biome. Results showed that the latent heat flux was the dominant component in available energy in both the autumn–winter (AW) and spring–summer (SS) periods. Evapotranspiration of the Pampa biome showed strong seasonality, with highest ET rates in the SS period. During the study period, approximately 65% of the net radiation was used for the evapotranspiration process in the Pampa biome. The annual mean ET rate was 2.45 mm d−1. ET did not show to vary significantly between sites, with daily values very similar in both sites. The water availability in the Pampa biome was not a limiting factor for ET, which resulted in a small difference between the reference ET and the actual ET. These results are helpful in achieving a better understanding of the temporal pattern of ET in relation to the landscape of the Pampa biome and its meteorological, soil, and vegetation characteristics.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4441
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 6
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    Water, Vol. 11, Pages 1890: Correction: Gisele Cristina Rubert et al., Evapotranspiration of the Brazilian Pampa Biome: Seasonality and Influential Factors. Water 2018, 10, 1864 (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Water
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4441
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 7
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    The impact of paracetamol on selected biomarkers of the mollusc species Corbicula fluminea (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is an invasive bivalve that has recently spread in Europe and currently represents a large portion of the aquatic biomass in specific areas. Because of the impacts that the species may have in invaded ecosystems, increased knowledge on the physiologic features of the species life-cycle under different environmental scenarios (e.g., contamination events) is critical to understand the dynamics of the invasion and resulting ecosystem imbalance. The presence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment has recently received great attention since high levels of contamination have been found, not only in sewage treatment plant effluents, but also in open waters. The present article reports toxicological biochemical effects of paracetamol to Corbicula fluminea following short- and long-term exposures. Oxidative stress parameters were specially focused namely catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and glutathione reductase (GRed). The effect of tested substances on lipid peroxidation was also investigated. Paracetamol did not induce alterations on CAT activity, caused a significant decrease of GSTs activity following short- and long-term exposure (LOEC values of 532.78 mg L −1 and 30.98 μg L −1 , respectively), and was responsible for a significant and dose-dependent decrease of GRed activity in short- and long-term exposures. These results indicate that exposure to paracetamol can provoke significant alterations on the cellular redox status of C. fluminea . 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
    Print ISSN: 1520-4081
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-7278
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    A betabaculovirus encoding a gp64 homolog (2016)
    BioMed Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: A betabaculovirus (DisaGV) was isolated from Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), one of the most important insect pests of the sugarcane and other monocot cultures in Brazil.
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-2164
    Topics: Biology
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 9
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    The impact of paracetamol on selected biomarkers of the mollusc species Corbicula fluminea (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-30
    Description: The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is an invasive bivalve that has recently spread in Europe and currently represents a large portion of the aquatic biomass in specific areas. Because of the impacts that the species may have in invaded ecosystems, increased knowledge on the physiologic features of the species life-cycle under different environmental scenarios (e.g., contamination events) is critical to understand the dynamics of the invasion and resulting ecosystem imbalance. The presence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment has recently received great attention since high levels of contamination have been found, not only in sewage treatment plant effluents, but also in open waters. The present article reports toxicological biochemical effects of paracetamol to Corbicula fluminea following short- and long-term exposures. Oxidative stress parameters were specially focused namely catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and glutathione reductase (GRed). The effect of tested substances on lipid peroxidation was also investigated. Paracetamol did not induce alterations on CAT activity, caused a significant decrease of GSTs activity following short- and long-term exposure (LOEC values of 532.78 mg L −1 and 30.98 μg L −1 , respectively), and was responsible for a significant and dose-dependent decrease of GRed activity in short- and long-term exposures. These results indicate that exposure to paracetamol can provoke significant alterations on the cellular redox status of C. fluminea . 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
    Print ISSN: 1520-4081
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-7278
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Luminous efficacy of daylighting in intertropical region: An analysis for toplighting systems (1996)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0960-1481
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0682
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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