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  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report far infrared (FIR) studies of plasmons in spatially modulated two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures using biased overlaid metal gratings, including interdigitated gratings, both as optical couplers and as spatially modulating gates. Comparison of the experimental results with the predictions of scattering matrix calculations of the FIR response of a modulated 2DEG in the presence of a perfectly conducting lamellar grating allow us to deduce the spatial variation of the number density distribution in the 2DEG as a function of grating bias. For the interdigitated grating gates, the 2DEG can be modulated at a period of twice that of the grating fingers by differentially biasing alternate fingers; 2D plasmon resonances have been observed at half-integral values of the grating wave vector G, corresponding to the electrically induced periodicity of the 2DEG modulation itself acting as an optical coupler in addition to the metal grating. The observed G/2 plasmon frequencies decrease with increasing amplitude of the 2DEG number density modulation, in quantitative agreement with those obtained from scattering matrix calculations of the optical response of a modulated 2DEG under a perfectly conducting lamellar grating; calculations of the oscillating charge density profiles show that this occurs because, as the modulation amplitude increases, the oscillation becomes localized in regions of low 2DEG number density which are also under one of the sets of grating fingers, and is therefore better screened.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 54 (1989), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Micron-sized loops of high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas have been made on GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructures using a novel split-gate technique. Aharonov–Bohm oscillations of amplitude up to 20% of the device resistance have been observed at very low temperatures (T〈100 mK), together with h/2e oscillations which appear to be due to interference between pairs of time-reversed paths near B=0. The h/e period is found to vary by ∼25% with magnetic field, possibly as a result of the formation of edge states. In the quantum Hall effect, plateaus in Rxx are seen at high B due to variations in carrier concentration across the ring, which may cause backscattering of some edge states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 1494-1496 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The use of antimony molecular beams to grow passivating films on "as-grown'' GaAs surfaces is described. The substrate need not be cooled below 350 °C for deposition as in the case of As4 and not heated above 500 °C for an extended period for removal as in the case of InAs passivation. Good electrical properties of antimony passivated, air exposed, and regrown interfaces were obtained. No degradation in macroscopic defect densities were found with this technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 11 (1988), S. 633-633 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The power law form of the secondary electron cascade from electron bombarded solids first suggested by Sickafus is explored both theoretically and experimentally. Backgrounds of the form AE-m are shown to result from a range of different theoretical models of the electron-solid interaction in which generation of fast secondaries by electron Compton scattering and transport to the surface are treated separately. The precise value of the exponent m is seen to depend upon the balance between elastic scattering strength and the energy dependence of the inelastic mean free path.The experimental results for eight different samples with atomic numbers between 6 and 78 are reported. The constant A appears to be related to the number density of valence band electrons. The values of m fall within the range predicted by the theoretical arguments. The generality of the form AE-m to many materials is useful for the estimation of both the Auger back-scattering co-efficient and the energy dependence of the inelastic mean free path from measurement of the parameters A and m.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 11 (1988), S. 266-278 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method for quantifying Auger spectra and including matrix effects is described. This method corrects iteratively for the effects of electron back-scattering, the inelastic mean free path and atomic density in the sample using established methods. New algorithms have been developed to assist the user interactively with the analysis of spectra collected from surfaces covered by thin films of unknown composition or thickness, or by coverage of another material. Error analysis has been included for both homogeneous and thin film cases. A ‘figure of merit’, used to inform the user if a thin film model of the surface is accurate, is introduced. The algorithms can be implemented on a small microcomputer. Their application to quantitative Auger analysis by multi-spectral imaging is also described. Each point in a set of images has been corrected for the factors that influence the Auger current to arrive at surface compositions at each pixel for each element. Some of the advantages and problems of quantifying Auger images will be outlined. The use of multi-spectral Auger images is seen as a powerful means of identifying surface phases of materials and is given the acronym MULSAM - MULti-Spectral-Auger Mapping.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 8 (1986), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: By replotting emitted electron spectra, N(E), as log N(E) v. log E, parts of the background which obey a power law can be identified as linear segments. The importance of this linearity for Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and the conditions under which it can be observed, are discussed. A simple expression is presented which describes the essential shape of the spectral background for analysis energies in the range 50-2000 eV and primary energies between 3 and 20 keV. It has been suggested elsewhere that such simple expressions are inadequate because ionization of inner shells by backscattered and secondary electrons can introduce broad low intensity features which disrupt the linearity of log N(E) v. log E. In the present work numerically calculated spectral shapes are compared with experimental AES spectra from various specimens including Al and Si. It is shown that some broad features which are often observed in EN(E) (constant spectrometer resolving power) spectra arise solely as a consequence of replotting power law backgrounds in this form and cannot be adduced as evidence of the ionization mechanism. Furthermore, subsurface electron sources can cause nonlinearities in logarithmic spectra which should not be ascribed to the ionization mechanism. It is concluded from a comparison of calculated spectra with those observed experimentally that the ionization mechanism causes only small deviations from linear behaviour which should not prevent the fitting of power law backgrounds to experimental AES data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 231: 209-221.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Although veins and joints are both extension fractures, they should be treated separately, especially in field analyses. For example, they commonly form at different times and under different conditions. Excellent exposures of the Liassic limestones at Kilve, Somerset, UK, are used as a case study. These rocks show calcite veins related to the Mesozoic extension and Alpine contraction of the Bristol Channel Basin, and joints that appear to have been caused by late- or post-Alpine stress release. The veins at Kilve show the following characteristics that distinguish them from joints. (1) They are mineralized. (2) Veins have measurable widths (up to tens of millimetres wide) and represent measurable strain. En echelon veins are common at Kilve, and indicate shear strains. (3) Vein widths may obey a power-law scaling relationship. (4) The veins were open for long enough and under the correct conditions for calcite to be deposited, indicating high fluid pressures. They are also typically en echelon. (5) Veins form sets with a narrow range of strikes, whereas the joints typically form complex networks. (6) The veins at Kilve are commonly clustered around faults, and are precursors to, or synchronous with, the faults.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1989-08-15
    Print ISSN: 0163-1829
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1989-01-02
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
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