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  • 1
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    Deep borehole log evidence for fractal distribution of fractures in crystalline rock (1991)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Tulsa, 450 pp.; 2nd modified and expanded ed., Society of Exploration Geophysics, vol. 107, no. 21, pp. 615-627, pp. L21319, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Applied geophysics ; FractureT ; Fracture ; GJI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Joint inversion of fault zone head waves and direct P arrivals for crustal structure near major faults (1992)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Beijing, Pergamon, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 1943-1951, pp. 2135
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Synthetic seismograms ; P-waves ; Seismology ; Inversion ; Tectonics ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Source parameters of small earthquakes recorded at 2.5 km depth, Cajon Pass, Southern California: Implications for earthquake scaling (1993)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 20, no. 3-4, pp. 1511-1514
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Seismology ; Magnitude ; scientific drilling ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Observation and modeling of fault zone seismic trapped waves in aid of precise precursory microearthquake location and evaluation (1991)
    In:  Houston, no. 18, pp. 173-184
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Waves ; Modelling ; Fault zone ; Channel waves ; Location ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Seismic trapped modes in the oroville and san andreas fault zones (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-17
    Description: Three-component borehole seismic profiling of the recently active Oroville, California, normal fault and microearthquake event recording with a near-fault three-component borehole seismometer on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, have shown numerous instances of pronounced dispersive wave trains following the shear wave arrivals. These wave trains are interpreted as fault zone-trapped seismic modes. Parkfield earthquakes exciting trapped modes have been located as deep as 10 kilometers, as shallow as 4 kilometers, and extend 12 kilometers along the fault on either side of the recording station. Selected Oroville and Parkfield wave forms are modeled as the fundamental and first higher trapped SH modes of a narrow low-velocity layer at the fault. Modeling results suggest that the Oroville fault zone is 18 meters wide at depth and has a shear wave velocity of 1 kilometer per second, whereas at Parkfield, the fault gouge is 100 to 150 meters wide and has a shear wave velocity of 1.1 to 1.8 kilometers per second. These low-velocity layers are probably the rupture planes on which earthquakes occur.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Y G -- Leary, P -- Aki, K -- Malin, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 17;249(4970):763-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17756789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    IJERPH, Vol. 15, Pages 1480: Neck Circumference Positively Relates to Cardiovascular Risk Factors in College Students (2018)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-14
    Description: IJERPH, Vol. 15, Pages 1480: Neck Circumference Positively Relates to Cardiovascular Risk Factors in College Students International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health doi: 10.3390/ijerph15071480 Authors: Oluremi A. Famodu Makenzie L. Barr Sarah E. Colby Wenjun Zhou Ida Holásková Miriam P. Leary Carol Byrd-Bredbenner Anne E. Mathews Melissa D. Olfert The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between neck circumference (NC) and other anthropometric measures and examine cut-off points for males and females according to existing waist circumference cut-off levels in this age group. Across 8 universities, 1562 students underwent a physical assessment. Spearman rho correlations (ρ) were calculated to determine associations between NC and other continuous variables of health. Receiving operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the optimal cut-off levels of NC of males and females with central obesity. Participants were predominantly Caucasian (67%), female (70%), and outside of Appalachia (82%). Forty-one percent of males and 34% of females had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. In both sexes, significant positive correlations were seen between NC and body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and systolic blood pressure (all p-values < 0.0001). NC ≥ 38 cm for males and ≥33.5 cm for females were the optimal cut-off values to determine subjects with central obesity. NC has been identified to closely correlate with other anthropometric measurements related to disease and could be used as a convenient, low-cost, and noninvasive measurement in large-scale studies.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 7
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    The Importance of Splat Events to the Spatiotemporal Structure of Near-Bed Fluid Velocity and Bedload Motion over Bedforms: Laboratory Experiments Downstream of a Backward-Facing Step (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-17
    Description: Flow separation/reattachment on the lee side of alluvial bedforms is known to produce a complex turbulence field, but the spatiotemporal details of the associated patterns of bedload sediment transported remain largely unknown. Here we report turbulence-resolving, simultaneous measurements of bedload motion and near-bed fluid velocity downstream of a backward-facing step in a laboratory flume. Two synchronized high-speed video cameras simultaneously observed bedload motion and the motion of neutrally buoyant particles in a laser light sheet 6 mm above the bed at 250 frames/s downstream of a 3.8 cm backward-facing step. Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) were used to characterize fluid turbulent patterns while manual particle tracking techniques were used to characterize bedload transport. Octant analysis, conducted using ADV data, coupled with Markovian sequence probability analysis highlights differences in the flow near reattachment versus farther downstream. Near reattachment, three distinct flow patterns are apparent. Farther downstream we see the development of a dominant flow sequence. Localized, intermittent, high-magnitude transport events are more apparent near flow reattachment. These events are composed of streamwise and cross-stream fluxes of comparable magnitudes. Transport pattern and fluid velocity data are consistent with the existence of permeable "splat events", wherein a volume of fluid moves toward and impinges on the bed (sweep) causing a radial movement of fluid in all directions around the point of impingement (outward interaction). This is congruent with flow patterns, identified with octant analysis, proximal to flow-reattachment.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    IJERPH, Vol. 16, Pages 3238: The “Motor of the Day”: Parent and School-Age Children’s Cognitions, Barriers, and Supports for Breakfast (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Despite the many benefits of regular breakfast consumption few parents and children consume this meal every day and research examining the determinants of breakfast consumption is limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine breakfast-related cognitions (i.e., beliefs, attitudes, facilitators, barriers) of parents and school-age children (ages 6–11 years) using the constructs of Social Cognitive Theory as a guide. Parents (n = 37) and children (n = 41) participated in focus group discussions held in community settings in 3 states (FL, NJ, WV). Data were qualitatively content analyzed to detect trends. Parents felt breakfast was important for numerous reasons. Parents expressed concern about the healthfulness of some traditional breakfast options, preferring breakfasts containing mostly fruits, vegetables, and protein and fewer carbohydrates. Parents identified lack of time as the greatest barrier to breakfast consumption. To overcome this barrier, they utilized grab-and-go foods, prepared breakfast ahead of time, and got up earlier. Utilizing the school breakfast program was another strategy mentioned, however some were concerned about the nutritional quality of this option. Children recognized the importance of breakfast and cited several benefits. The greatest barrier to breakfast identified by children was feeling rushed in the morning. To overcome barriers, children suggested having a morning routine, selecting or preparing breakfast foods ahead, and relying on parents to encourage breakfast consumption. The effectiveness of interventions aiming to improve breakfast intake may be improved by addressing parent and child breakfast-related cognitions and tailoring interventions to address their needs.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cause of frequency-dependent seismic absorption in crustal rock (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 122 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The absorption of 5 to 200 Hz seismic wave energy propagating at depth in fracture-bearing crystalline basement in southern California is observed to increase as a power law in wave frequency as ?f0.43±0.1, so that energy absorption per unit frequency Q−1 decreases with frequency as ?f−0.57, and the seismic quality factor Q increases with frequency as f0.57; the value of Q at 10 Hz is ?1000. Crustal fracture density, which elastic scattering and borehole logs show to vary with fracture dimension L as a power law L0.4, cannot easily explain the observed frequency dependence of absorption. A likely hypothesis identifies the f0.43±0.1 frequency dependence of seismic absorption with the f1/12 frequency dependence of a thermal diffusion process. Seismic absorption computed for thermal gradients induced by localized strain concentrations depends on a single free parameter, the thermal absorption domain characteristic size D. If D? 0.2 mm the computed magnitude of absorption agrees with the observed Q? 1000 at 10 Hz. Thin sections from deep borehole rock samples show that ?0.2 mm is the characteristic dimension of microfracture shear-fabric and crystalline grains. Where seismic elastic scattering occurs over a wide range of fracture sizes, seismic absorption occurs predominantly at the dimension of microfractures and granularity. Systematic wide-band borehole seismic observation of seismic absorption magnitude and particularly frequency dependence, combined with thin-section analysis of the rock microfabric, can test the hypothesis for a range of crustal rocks. The evidence of thermal activity at the scale of microfractures suggests that static stress concentrations possess a free energy that can act to align microfractures, thus explaining the shear-wave birefringence widely observed in the crust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03542.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying crustal fracture heterogeneity by seismic scattering (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 122 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Seismic waves travelling through the crust generate trains of scattered waves called the seismic coda. Coda motion u(t) excited by a source pulse σ(t) and recorded at times t 〉 ?2t0 by a sensor located at traveltime t0 from the source can be written as the convolution of σ(t) with the gradient c′(r) =∂c(r) of spatial velocity fluctuations c(r) encountered by the wave front at r?tc0/2: u(t)? 4πu0(t0/t)(c′(tc0/2)〉 *σ(t), where t0/t accounts for source wavelet spherical divergence, c0 is the mean seismic velocity of the medium, and 〈〉 denotes the scattering amplitude c′(r) averaged over the 4π solid angle of the wave front. It follows that the coda frequency spectrum u(f) is proportional to vc(v)σ(f), where v is the spatial frequency v= 2f / c0, vc(v) the spectrum of c′(r) and σ(f) the source spectrum.Sonic-velocity fluctuations cBH(r) logged at 15 cm intervals over a 1.5 km length of deep borehole in crustal rock show that the major cause of seismic velocity fluctuations c(r) in the brittle crust are fracture distributions with a power-law spectral dependence on fracture spacing, c(v)?v−0.4. The resulting velocity gradient power-law spectrum is vc(v)?v0.6. In accordance with the above scattering expressions, the power-law scattering amplitude vc(v) causes the high-frequency power-law enrichment of the coda spectrum relative to the source spectrum u(f)/σ(f)?f0.6 as observed in coda waves recorded in a borehole at a depth of 2.5 km in the crust.The coda wave phenomenology observed in deep crustal borehole data does not emerge from treatments of seismic scattering based on correlations between randomly distributed elastic heterogeneities. This is because scattering is proportional to the derivative of fluctuations in material properties; for power-law-distributed velocity fluctuations in crustal rock, differentiation enhances scattering while correlation smoothing of fluctuations reduces scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03541.x
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