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  • 1
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    Multimodel climate and variability of the stratosphere (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-03
    Description: The stratospheric climate and variability from simulations of sixteen chemistry-climate models is evaluated. On average the polar night jet is well reproduced though its variability is less well reproduced with a large spread between models. Polar temperature biases are less than 5 K except in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) lower stratosphere in spring. The accumulated area of low temperatures responsible for polar stratospheric cloud formation is accurately reproduced for the Antarctic but underestimated for the Arctic. The shape and position of the polar vortex is well simulated, as is the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere. There is a wide model spread in the frequency of major sudden stratospheric warnings (SSWs), late biases in the breakup of the SH vortex, and a weak annual cycle in the zonal wind in the tropical upper stratosphere. Quantitatively, “metrics” indicate a wide spread in model performance for most diagnostics with systematic biases in many, and poorer performance in the SH than in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Correlations were found in the SH between errors in the final warming, polar temperatures, the leading mode of variability, and jet strength, and in the NH between errors in polar temperatures, frequency of major SSWs, and jet strength. Models with a stronger QBO have stronger tropical upwelling and a colder NH vortex. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis indicate a number of common and long-standing model problems, particularly related to the simulation of the SH and stratospheric variability.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Isentropic constraints by midlatitude surface warming on the Arctic midtroposphere (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-15
    Description: In simulations of 21st century climate, it is argued that changes in midlatitude near-surface moisture and temperature could explain the autumn midtropospheric Arctic warming. The argument is based on a comparison between the Arctic midtropospheric warming and theoretical estimates in which synoptic scale transient eddies propagate near-surface warming anomalies along either dry potential temperature surfaces or equivalent (moist) potential temperature surfaces. In most models, it is observed that the Arctic midtropospheric warming can be obtained from the propagation of midlatitude near-surface warming anomalies according to a dynamic that is intermediate between the dry and moist theories. While many models follow more closely the moist theory, few follow more closely the dry theory. This finding suggests that, as for the tropical atmosphere, theories of high-latitude midtropospheric warming based on changes in poleward heat fluxes should include a moist component.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Regional variability of a projected sea ice-free Arctic during the summer months (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: Climate projections of sea ice retreat under anthropogenic climate change at the regional scale and in summer months other than September have largely not been evaluated. Information at this level of detail is vital for future planning of safe Arctic marine activities. Here, the timing of when Arctic waters will be reliably ice-free across Arctic regions from June to October is presented. It is shown that during this century regions along the Northern Sea Route and Arctic Bridge will be more reliably ice-free than regions along the Northwest Passage and the Transpolar Sea Route, which will retain substantial sea ice cover past mid-century. Moreover, ice-free conditions in the Arctic will likely be confined to September for several decades to come in many regions. Projections using a selection of models that accounts for agreement of models in each region and calendar month with observations yield similar conclusions.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Hormone-dependent coactivator binding to a hydrophobic cleft on nuclear receptors (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: The ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors contains a transcriptional activation function (AF-2) that mediates hormone-dependent binding of coactivator proteins. Scanning surface mutagenesis on the human thyroid hormone receptor was performed to define the site that binds the coactivators, glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1). The residues involved encircle a small surface that contains a hydrophobic cleft. Ligand activation of transcription involves formation of this surface by folding the carboxyl-terminal alpha helix against a scaffold of three other helices. These features may represent general ones for nuclear receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feng, W -- Ribeiro, R C -- Wagner, R L -- Nguyen, H -- Apriletti, J W -- Fletterick, R J -- Baxter, J D -- Kushner, P J -- West, B L -- DK09516/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK51281/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P41-RR01081/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 12;280(5370):1747-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Metabolic Research Unit, Box 0540, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: HeLa Cells ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2 ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Triiodothyronine/*metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta at AP1 sites (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: The transactivation properties of the two estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta, were examined with different ligands in the context of an estrogen response element and an AP1 element. ERalpha and ERbeta were shown to signal in opposite ways when complexed with the natural hormone estradiol from an AP1 site: with ERalpha, 17beta-estradiol activated transcription, whereas with ERbeta, 17beta-estradiol inhibited transcription. Moreover, the antiestrogens tamoxifen, raloxifene, and Imperial Chemical Industries 164384 were potent transcriptional activators with ERbeta at an AP1 site. Thus, the two ERs signal in different ways depending on ligand and response element. This suggests that ERalpha and ERbeta may play different roles in gene regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paech, K -- Webb, P -- Kuiper, G G -- Nilsson, S -- Gustafsson, J -- Kushner, P J -- Scanlan, T S -- GM 50672/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Diethylstilbestrol/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Estradiol/analogs & derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology ; Estrogen Antagonists/*pharmacology ; Estrogen Receptor alpha ; Estrogen Receptor beta ; Estrogens/*pharmacology ; Female ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Ligands ; Piperidines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Polyunsaturated Alkamides ; Raloxifene Hydrochloride ; Rats ; Receptors, Estrogen/*metabolism ; Tamoxifen/metabolism/pharmacology ; Transcription Factor AP-1/*genetics ; *Transcriptional Activation/drug effects ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Uterus/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Atmospheric dynamics. Constrained work output of the moist atmospheric heat engine in a warming climate (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-31
    Description: Incoming and outgoing solar radiation couple with heat exchange at Earth's surface to drive weather patterns that redistribute heat and moisture around the globe, creating an atmospheric heat engine. Here, we investigate the engine's work output using thermodynamic diagrams computed from reanalyzed observations and from a climate model simulation with anthropogenic forcing. We show that the work output is always less than that of an equivalent Carnot cycle and that it is constrained by the power necessary to maintain the hydrological cycle. In the climate simulation, the hydrological cycle increases more rapidly than the equivalent Carnot cycle. We conclude that the intensification of the hydrological cycle in warmer climates might limit the heat engine's ability to generate work.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laliberte, F -- Zika, J -- Mudryk, L -- Kushner, P J -- Kjellsson, J -- Doos, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 30;347(6221):540-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1257103.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. frederic.laliberte@utoronto.ca. ; University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. ; British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK. ; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635098" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Remarkable separability of circulation response to Arctic sea ice loss and greenhouse gas forcing (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-27
    Description: Arctic sea ice loss may influence midlatitude climate by changing large-scale circulation. The extent to which climate change can be understood as greenhouse gas-induced changes that are modulated by this loss depends on how additive the responses to the separate influences are. A novel sea ice nudging methodology in a fully coupled climate model reveals that the separate effects of doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations and associated Arctic sea ice loss are remarkably additive and insensitive to the mean climate state. This separability is evident in several fields throughout most of the year, from hemispheric to synoptic scales. The extent to which the regional response to sea ice loss sometimes agrees with and sometimes cancels the response to CO 2 is quantified. The separability of the responses might provide a means to better interpret the diverse array of modeling and observational studies of Arctic change and influence.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Corrigendum: Summertime climate response to mountain pine beetle disturbance in British Columbia (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: Nature Geoscience 7, 547 (2014). doi:10.1038/ngeo2196 Authors: H. Maness, P. J. Kushner & I. Fung
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
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    Modeling and understanding persistence of climate variability (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-11-06
    Description: In this study, two parsimonious statistical representations of climate variability on interannual to multidecadal timescales are compared: the short-memory first order autoregressive representation (AR1) and the long-memory “power law” representation. Parameters for each statistical representation are fitted to observed surface air temperature at each spatial point. The parameter estimates from observations are found in general to be captured credibly in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3) simulations. The power law representation provides an upper bound and the AR1 representation provides a lower bound on persistence as measured by the lag-one autocorrelation. Both representations fit the data equally well according to goodness-of-fit-tests. Comparing simulations with and without external radiative forcings shows that anthropogenic forcing has little effect on the measures of persistence considered (for detrended data). Given that local interannual to multi decadal climate variability appears to be more persistent than an AR1 process and less persistent than a power law process, it is concluded that both representations are potentially useful for statistical applications. It is also concluded that current climate simulations can well represent interannual to multidecadal internal climate persistence in the absence of natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing, at least to within observational uncertainty.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Summertime climate response to mountain pine beetle disturbance in British Columbia (2012)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-22
    Description: Nature Geoscience 6, 65 (2013). doi:10.1038/ngeo1642 Authors: H. Maness, P. J. Kushner & I. Fung
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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