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1

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Cotton Responses to Shade at Different Growth Stages: Nonstructural Carbohydrate Composition (1998)

Zhao, Duli ; Oosterhuis, Derrick

Springer

Crop science 38 (1998), S. 1196-1203

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ISSN: 1435-0653

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant growth, development, lint yield, and fiber quality. A 2-yr study was conducted to determine the effects an 8-d period of shade (63% reduction in photosynthetic photon flux density) at four growth stages [i.e., pinhead square (PHS), first flower (FF), peak flower (PF), and boll development (BD)] on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll concentration, and nonstructural carbohydrate (hexose, sucrose, and starch) concentrations in leaves, floral bracts, and floral buds of field-grown cotton plants. At all four growth stages, shade caused a 43 to 55% decrease in leaf photosynthetic rate, and a 14 (on a leaf area basis) or 73% (on a dry weight basis) increase in total chlorophyll concentration, but did not affect leaf dark respiration rate. Starch concentration in leaves and floral bracts decreased sharply under shade, whereas only minor changes in hexose concentration occurred. Shade at the FF and PF stages did not, whereas shade at the BD stage did decrease, the concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) in 20-d-old floral buds. Averaged over the growth stages during the 2 yr, the TNC concentration of shaded cotton decreased 47 to 71% in the leaves, 37 to 48% in the bracts, and 5 to 20% in 20-d-old floral buds compared with unshaded control plants. Among the four growth stages, shade at the PF (1994) or BD (1993) stage caused the greatest decrease in leaf TNC concentration; shade at the BD stage resulted in the greatest decrease in the TNC concentrations of bracts and floral buds. Shade during plant reproductive growth significantly reduced leaf photosynthesis and TNC concentrations of field- grown cotton.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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2

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Photosynthesis of individual field-grown cotton leaves during ontogeny (1990)

Wullschleger, Stan D. ; Oosterhuis, Derrick M.

Springer

Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 163-170

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ISSN: 1573-5079

Keywords: gas exchange ; Gossypium hirsutum L. ; leaf development ; light intensity ; plant architecture ; senescence ; stomatal conductance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics of field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were determined at several insertion levels within the canopy during the growing season. Single-leaf measurements of net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance to CO2 (gs·CO2), substomatal CO2, leaf area expansion, leaf nitrogen, and light intensity (PPFD) were recorded for undisturbed leaves within the crop canopy at 3–4 day intervals during the development of all leaves at main-stem nodes 8, 10, and 12. Patterns of Pn during leaf ontogeny exhibited three distinct phases; a rapid increase to maximum at 16–20 days after leaf unfolding, a relatively short plateau, and a period of linear decline to negligible Pn at 60–65 days. Analysis of the parameters which contributed to the rise and fall pattern of Pn with leaf age indicated the primary involvement of leaf area expansion, leaf nitrogen, PPFD, and gs·CO2 in this process. The response of Pn and gs·CO2 to incident PPFD conditions during canopy development was highly age dependent. For leaves less than 16 days old, the patterns of Pn and gs·CO2 were largely controlled by non-PPFD factors, while for older leaves Pn and gs·CO2 were more closely coupled to PPFD-mediated processes. Maximum values of Pn were not significantly different for any of the leaves monitored in this study, however, those leaves at main-stem node 8 did possess a significantly diminished photosynthetic capacity with age compared to upper canopy leaves. This accelerated decline in Pn could not be explained by age-related variations in gs·CO2 since all leaves showed similar changes in gs·CO2 with leaf age.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035007

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3

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Water use efficiency as a function of leaf age and position within the cotton canopy (1989)

Wullschleger, Stan D. ; Oosterhuis, Derrick M.

Springer

Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 79-85

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum ; leaf development ; ontogeny ; plant architecture ; photosynthesis ; transpiration

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The gas exchange properties of whole plant canopies are an integral part of crop productivity and have attracted much attention in recent years. However, insufficient information exists on the coordination of transpiration and CO2 uptake for individual leaves during the growing season. Single-leaf determinations of net photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) for field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were recorded during a 2-year field study. Measurements were made at 3 to 4 day intervals on the main-stem and first three sympodial leaves at main-stem node 10 from their unfolding through senescence. Results indicated that all gas exchange parameters changed with individual main-stem and sympodial leaf age. Values of Pn, E and WUE followed a rise and fall pattern with maximum rates achieved at a leaf age of 18 to 20 days. While no significant position effects were observed for Pn, main-stem and sympodial leaves did differ in E and WUE particularly as leaves aged beyond 40 days. For a given leaf age, the main-stem leaf had a significantly lower WUE than the three sympodial leaves. WUE's for the main-stem and three sympodial leaves between the ages of 41 to 50 days were 0.85, 1.30, 1.36 and 1.95 μmol CO2 mmol−1 H2O, respectively. The mechanisms which mediated leaf positional differences for WUE were not strictly related to changes in stomatal conductance (gs·H2O) since decreases in gs·H2O with leaf age were similar for the four leaves. However, significantly different radiant environments with distance along the fruiting branch did indicate the possible involvement of mutual leaf shading in determining WUE. The significance of these findings are presented in relation to light competition within the plant canopy during development.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370293

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4

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Cotton growth and yield as influenced by different timing of late-season foliar nitrogen fertilization (1999)

Bondada, Bhaskar R. ; Oosterhuis, Derrick M. ; Tugwell, Neil P.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 1-8

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: cotton ; foliar-N ; late-season ; NAWF ; urea ; yield

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Foliar fertilization to meet the nitrogen (N) requirement of the cotton crop during the latter fruiting stages is a production practice that is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the benefits of late-season foliar-N fertilization on growth and yield of cotton in relation to soil-N level and timing based on weeks after first flower (WAFF) and nodes above white flower (NAWF). A 4-year field study was conducted with four foliar-N treatments consisting of a control with no foliar-N, and one, two, or three foliar-N sprays under different soil-N regimes. In 1990, the foliar-N treatments were based on WAFF sprayed during fifth, sixth and seventh WAFF. Foliar-N significantly increased nodes above white flower (NAWF) over the control with no significant differences among the three foliar-N treatments. A negative relationship (r2=0.98) existed between NAWF and days after planting (DAP). Foliar-N also significantly increased plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, boll number, boll dry weight and yield. The same foliar-N treatments were applied on low and high soil-N regimes in 1991 and 1992, and in 1993 on four different soil-N regimes, 0, 55, 82, and 110 kg N ha-1 at NAWF = 7, 6 and 5. No significant difference was found in NAWF among the four foliar-N treatments within each soil-N level during 1991. Significant differences between the control and the three foliar-N sprays were found for leaf area, boll number, and boll dry weight. In 1992, the NAWF of control plants showed a similar response to the 1990 control plants. In contrast, the foliar-N sprayed plants extended the highest NAWF for an additional week, after which it steadily declined below 5. Foliar-N significantly increased yield in 1990, yield and yield components in 1991 and 1992, and yield in 1993. Neither WAFF nor NAWF appear to be good indicators for timing late-season foliar-N fertilization. The study clearly demonstrated, however, that late-season foliar-N fertilization is beneficial to cotton plants, although the precise timing of such N application is still unclear.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009797221485

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5

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Pix Plus and Mepiquat Chloride Effects on Physiology, Growth, and Yield of Field-Grown Cotton (2000)

Zhao, Duli ; Oosterhuis, Derrick M.

Springer

Journal of plant growth regulation 19 (2000), S. 415-422

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ISSN: 1435-8107

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003440000018

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6

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Pressure chamber measurements using two wheat leaves (1985)

Walker, Sue ; Oosterhuis, Derrick M.

Springer

Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 309-310

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Leaf water potential ; Pressure chamber ; Triticum aestivum

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The most widely used technique of leaf water potential measurements is with the Scholander pressure chamber. Representative leaf water potential values require many determinations on individual leaves and this can be time consuming in large fields or experiments with multiple treatments. This paper describes a method of obtaining a mean value more rapidly, by using two leaves in the pressure chamber at the same time, but recording the end point of each leaf separately.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181870

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