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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 23 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A mechanism is postulated to explain the immobility of boron in plants, i.e., the absence of any significant retranslocation of this element from one leaf to another. It is shown that boron readily enters the bark and is translocated within the bark. Since it has also been shown that boron remains water-soluble in plants, the immobility cannot be explained through a chemical fixation, lack of entry into phloem, or absence of phloem transport. Rather, boron enters the phloem in leaf margins where concentrations are high, is transported in these conduits, is lost therefrom where the xylem concentration is low, i.e. in basal areas of the leaf and in petiole, is transported back in the xylem and accumulates in terminal place of the transpiration stream. A high local mobility of boron, together with the essentially unidirectional flow of the transpiration stream, thus cause a cyclic movement of B and prevent the efflux of this nutrient; this explains the immobility over long distances.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 201 (1964), S. 313-313 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Spores from cultures 4 6 months old, grown on potato dextrose agar, were washed thoroughly with triple-distilled water to remove contaminating nutrients. In infection experiments, spores were suspended in triple-distilled water, tap water, guttation fluid, or an infusion made from sterile Agrostis ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 20 (1967), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It is shown that the absorption isotherm of rubidium by excised barley roots can be explained either by two uptake mechanisms following Michaelis-Menten kinetics or by two mechanisms, one actively transporting salts into the tissue (the pump), the other one being more passive in nature (the leak), operating in either direction, depending on external and internal substrate concentration. Kinetic data are thus consistent with more than one transport model.It was further demonstrated for the pair K-Na, that a competitor not only reduces salt uptake but can also reverse the direction of net flux. This observation cannot be explained by classical enzyme kinetics, it is, however, consistent with the pump and leak system.Just as Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the pump and leak system can explain ion competition, in addition it offers a possible explanation of the Viets' effect and it can explain the time curve of absorption.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 81 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of various B levels in the culture medium on the biomass production and B concentrations of cells were studied using tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rodeo) cell suspensions in three separate experiments. In the initial study, no increase in cell biomass was observed after day 4 in the absence of B in the medium. These cells had lost their viability by day 6. Cells grown at a B level of 0.09 or 0.55 mM in the medium had the highest biomasses (doubled by day 6). Cells grown at 0.92 or 1.85 mM B had lower biomasses (doubled by day 8). In the other two studies, both under low (0.005–0.07 mM) and high (2.30–4.15 mM) concentrations of B in the media, there was only a slight increase in biomass and the cultures failed to double their biomasses even by day 10. Cells grown with 3.70 or 4.15 mM in the medium showed a black discolouration by day 6 and were no longer viable. Except in the high B study, the B concentrations in the cells did not vary after day 2. With increasing B levels in the medium, the B concentrations of cells were in near equilibrium with the media B. Due to increasing toxicity which may have altered the membrane properties of the cell, this relationship did not continue with B levels of 1.85 mM or higher. These results indicate that B enters the tomato cells through passive transport and that a passive equilibrium exists between B concentrations in the cells and in the media.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 20 (1967), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: There is no unanimous agreement about a definition of active water transport. The following definition was accepted: During an active transport or process, the water potential must increase and this gain must depend on the decrease in free energy in some metabolic process (5, 10).The passage of water from soil through plants to atmosphere can involve several active steps. A removal of solutes from the water represents a gain of osmotic water potential and this gain can exceed concurrent losses of other water potential components, resulting in a net gain of water potential.An increase of water potential was demonstrated in barley seedlings. Bleeding and guttation liquids were usually found to be more dilute than the external solution. Osmotic and gravitational potential components in exudates, thus, increased while other components remained virtually constant relative to the external solutions. The gain in osmotic potential depends most likely on a metabolic removal of salts: hence, the requirements for an active transport are satisfied. Active water transports, however, are not dependent or connected with the development of root pressure.The existence of active water transports disproves the rule that water flows only along water potential gradients (only against diffusion pressure deficit gradients).A gain in leaf water potential has a physiological significance since the range of soil water potentials a plant can withstand without wilting is extended.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 275-283 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphids ; oxidases ; plant susceptibility ; wound reactions ; redox ; ascorbate ; glutathione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis is advanced that a redox system controls oxidation rates during the responses of plants to attack by sucking insects, that soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbate and glutathione, enhance the effectiveness of the plant's defensive system, and that oxidising enzymes in the saliva of aphids (and other phytophagous sucking insects) serve to counter it. Plants typically respond to wounding, including that caused by sucking insects, by mobilising and oxidising phenolic compounds. The initial phenolic monomers, and especially the monomerico-quinones to which many give rise on oxidation, are generally deterrent to insects. Their final oxidation products, however, are polymers and phenol-protein conjugates, which are non-toxic, but serve to seal off damaged cells. It is suggested that effective defence by the plant requires oxidation of phenolics at a controlled rate that maintains a deterrent titre of the monomers, while allowing a well ordered deposition of sealants. It is also suggested that the salivary oxidases of the insects hasten oxidation in the affected tissues, thereby decreasing concentrations of monomeric phenols and quinones. It is further suggested that sedentary species may also thereby disorganise the sealing off of affected tissues. A kinetic model is developed to show that inclusion of a reductive cycle in the sequential oxidation of phenolics increases the steady state concentrations of monomeric phenols for a given throughput. Conversely, an increase in oxidation rates diminishes the titre of monomers for the same throughput. In initial biological tests of the hypothesis, infiltration of stems of lucerne cultivars with ascorbate or glutathione reduced the reproductive rate of spotted alfalfa aphid,Therioaphis trifolii maculata (Buckton), and of blue-green aphid,Acyrthosiphon kondo Shinji, feeding thereon. Intrinsically non-deterrent concentrations of ascorbate synergised the deterrence of the plant phenolics chlorogenic acid and catechin to the apple aphid,Aphis pomi (de Geer), and the spotted alfalfa aphid,T. t. maculata, respectively.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acarina ; Tetranychidae ; Tetranychus urticae ; nutrient stress ; apple ; bean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die polyphage Gemeine Spinnmilbe ist ein wirtschaftlich bedeutender Schädling. Die Rolle einzelner Nährstoffe bei der Milbenvermehrung wurde schon von einigen Autoren mit unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen untersucht. Der Stickstoff scheint aber einer der Hauptfaktoren zu sein. Ueber Gewebekulturen klonierte Apfelbäume sowie aus Samen gezogene Buschbohnen wurden in Nährlösungen mit verschiedenen N-Angeboten kultiviert. Aus solchen Pflanzen wurden Blattscheiben ausgestanzt und mit Weibchen von T. urticae besetzt. Gemessen wurden die tägliche Eiablage bis zum natürlichen Tod, die Entwicklungsdauer und das Weibchengewicht. Mit dem bei N-Mangel abnehmenden N, Aminosäuren- und Zuckergehalt (v.a. Sorbit) im Blatt korrelierend nahmen auch Gewicht, Ablagerate und Fekundität ab, bzw. die Entwicklungsdauer und Praeovipositionsperiode zu. Die umgekehrte Wirkung auf diese Milbenparameter hatte der Gesamtphenolgehalt. Eine Reduktion des N-Gehalts der Blätter auf die Hälfte (1.5% N) bewirkte auf Apfelblättern eine Abnahme von Fekundität und Ovipositionsrate um das zehnfache, bzw. eine Zunahme der Präovipositionsperiode um mehr als das dreifache. Der Stress beeinflusste v.a. die Maxima der Ablageverläufe und weniger die Lebensdauer. Der Wassergehalt war ebenfalls mit der Fekundität positiv korreliert. Auf Bohnenblättern legten die Tiere mehr Eier und erreichten ein höheres Gewicht als auf Apfel, dies bei gleichem N-Gehalt beider Pflanzen. Es wirken somit noch andere Faktoren auf die Reproduktion der Spinnmilben. Die Populationsparameter wurden ebenfalls sehr stark beeinflusst. Auf Apfelblättern ergab sich bei der Kontrolle eine Nettoreproduktionsrate Ro von 40.3 und bei starker N-Defizienz 4.7. Die mittlere Generationsdauer T sowie die spezifische natürliche Wachstumsrate rm betrugen für die Kontrolle 17.1 Tage, bzw. 0.22 und für starken N-Mangel 25.0 Tage, bzw. 0.06. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich bereits kleinere Unterschiede im Stickstoffgehalt und damit zusammenhängend im Zucker- und Phenolgehalt stark auf die Populationsdynamik der Gemeinen Spinnmilbe auswirken können.
    Notes: Abstract Females of Tetranychus urticae Koch were reared on leaf discs of apple trees and bush beans grown at different N concentrations (0.6–75 mM NO inf3 sup- ). N-deficiency increased pre-imaginal development time, preoviposition period, and decreased female weight, fecundity and oviposition rate of the mites. N, water, amino acid, and sugar content of the apple leaves were positively correlated with weight and egg production and negatively correlated with development time and pre-oviposition period. The reverse correlations were found with total phenol content of the leaves and above mite parameters. A reduction of leaf N by 50% was related with a tenfold decline in fecundity on apple leaves. The stress mainly affected the oviposition rate and to a lesser extent the oviposition period. On apple leaves the net reproductive rate (av. no. ♀ offspring per ♀, Ro), mean length of a generation (T), and innate capacity for increase (rm) were Ro=40.3, T=17.1, and rm=0.22 for the standard N concentration, and 4.7, 25.0, and 0.06 for strong N-deficiency, respectively.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 34 (1978), S. 1274-1275 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is demonstrated that very low concentrations of exhaust gases from a combustion engine inhibit the regulatory ability of stomata. However, when gas treatment was stopped, plants showed a quick recovery of the ability to close stomata.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: N-accumulation ; potassium nutrition ; soybean nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of potassium nutrition on dry matter yield, nodulation, N accumulation and nitrogenase activity of soybean were studied under controlled conditions in hydrophonic and sand culture at 4 levels of K in a nutrient medium (1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mM). The dry matter yield, nodule parameters (nodule number and fresh weight of nodule per plant, average weight of nodule) and total nitrogen accumulation in the plant increased with increasing K-supply. The lowest potassium level, 1.0 mM was suboptimal for normal growth, nodulation and N -accumulation, whereas 5.0 mM K was found to be an optimal level for these same parameters. However, the nitrogenase activity, which was determined non-destructively, was not affected by an increased supply of K.
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