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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calixarenes in electroanalysis (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Calixarene ; Potentiometry ; Voltammetry ; Ion-selective electrode ; Modified electrode ; Sensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of calix[n]arenes as recognition reagents in electroanalysis is reviewed. Calix[n]arenes (n = 4 to 14) are macrocylic phenol-formaldehyde condensates which may be derivatized at the phenolic oxygen position to produce macrocycles capable of the selective binding of metal cations. Calix[4]arene derivatives having ester, ketone and amide functionality generally exhibit sodium selectivity and the larger calix[6]arenes show a preference for cesium ions. A number of calixarenes have been successfully incorporated into polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes (including ISFETs). Calixarene-based sodium selective ISEs exhibit excellent sensitivity and selectivity, especially over potassium ions, which has allowed usage of these ISEs in assays of sodium in blood and serum. Calixarene-based ISEs sensitive to potassium, cesium and organic amine ions have also been reported. More recently ISEs and ISFETs sensitive to heavy metal ions such as silver, lead and copper(II) have been fabricated from various sulfur functional group derivatized calix[4]arenes. Potentiometric analytical uses of calixarenes have received most interest to date. However, voltammetric investigations have shown that carbon paste modified electrodes may be prepared with polymeric calixarenes and allow stripping voltammetric determination of lead, copper and mercury simultaneously. Voltammetric studies of calixquinone/hydroquinone and calixarene inclusion complexes have also been reported. Prospects for the future development of calixarenes as ionophoric reagents in electroanalysis are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140070302
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calix[4]Arenes in the partial cone conformation as ionophores in silver ion-selective electrodes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 9 (1997), S. 311-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Calix[4]arene ; Partial cone conformation ; Ionophore ; Silver-selective electrode ; Potentiometry ; PVC membrane ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two calix[4]arene derivatives, in the partial cone conformation, with sulfur-containing functionalities, were tested as neutral carrier ionophores in potentiometric silver-selective electrodes of conventional membrane and membrane-coated glassy carbon electrode types. Comparison with a calix[4]arene in the cone conformation was made. The membranes were prepared using either 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether or bis(ethylhexyl)sebacate as plasticizers and potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate as the lipophilic salt in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Both calix[4]arenes yielded electrodes of good sensitivity (approx. 47 mV dec-1) in the range 10-4-10-1 M and excellent selectivity [log KAg,MH+ 〈 -1.5] of transition, alkali and heavy metal cations, including sodium, mercury(II) and lead(II) cations. Temperature effects and reproducibility of response were determined and the interfering effects of mercury(II) and lead (II) ions on the membranes were noted. The partial cone conformation allows improved selectivity over certain cations relative to calix[4]arenes in the cone conformation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140090410
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